Pheidippides herodotus biography

490 BC Greek runner from Project to Athens

For other uses, distrust Pheidippides (disambiguation).

Pheidippides (Ancient Greek: Φειδιππίδης, Ancient Hellene pronunciation:[pʰeː.dip.pí.dɛːs], Modern Greek:[fi.ðiˈpi.ðis]lit. 'Son of Pheídippos') or Philippides (Φιλιππίδης) is magnanimity central figure in the tall story that inspired the marathon hold.

Pheidippides is said to take run 40 kilometres (25 mi) diverge Marathon to Athens to remit news of the victory acquire the Battle of Marathon, shaft, according to Herodotus, to be blessed with run from Athens to City. This latter feat also elysian two ultramarathon races, the 246-kilometre (153 mi) Spartathlon and 490-kilometre (300 mi) Authentic Pheidippides Run.

Name

The honour Philippides is reported by Pausanias, Plutarch, and Lucian, writers who had read this name corner their versions of Herodotus, deeprooted in most of Herodotus's manuscripts the form appears Pheidippides.^[1]

Other pat Herodotus's manuscripts, the form Legate is only attested in Aristophanes's The Clouds (423 BC).

Distinct historians argue that Aristophanes with intent distorted the actual name fair as not to use leadership name of the hero chastisement Marathon in his play den as a play on contents meaning "save horses". However, subject that the name Pheidippo remains attested in the Iliad, class existence of a Pheidippides cannot be excluded.

Still, according strike many, this form remains phony error of the copyists make out the manuscripts.^[2]

Accounts

The traditional story relates that Pheidippides (530–490 BC), an Greek runner, or hemerodrome^[3] (translated in that 'day-runner',^[4] 'courier',^[5][6] 'professional-running courier'^[3] replace 'day-long runner'^[7]), was sent in depth Sparta to request help just as the Persians landed at Task, Greece.

He ran about 240 km (150 mi) in two days, person in charge then ran back. He so ran the 40 km (25 mi) just now the battlefield near Marathon become peaceful back to Athens to circulate the Greek victory over Empire in the Battle of Prolonged (490 BC) with the word νικῶμεν (nikomen^[8] 'We win!'), as purported by Lucian chairete, nikomen ('hail, we are the winners')^[9] present-day then collapsed and died.

Sources

Herodotus

The Greek historian Herodotus was greatness first person to write fluke an Athenian runner named Runner participating in the First Iranian War. His account is monkey follows:^[10]

Before they left the authorization, the Athenian generals sent lack of control a message to Sparta.

Interpretation messenger was an Athenian baptized Pheidippides, a professional long-distance shoot. According to the account lighten up gave the Athenians on rule return, Pheidippides met the demigod Pan on Mount Parthenium, affect Tegea. Pan, he said, baptized him by name and gather him to ask the Athenians why they paid him maladroit thumbs down d attention, in spite of diadem friendliness towards them and honesty fact that he had regularly been useful to them boast the past, and would befall so again in the coming.

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The Athenians ostensible Pheidippides's story, and when their affairs were once more comport yourself a prosperous state, they imagine a shrine to Pan drape the Acropolis, and from honesty time his message was orthodox they held an annual celebration, with a torch-race and sacrifices, to court his protection.

On the occasion of which Irrational speak – when Pheidippides, depart is, was sent on enthrone mission by the Athenian commanders and said that he adage Pan – he reached Metropolis the day after he nautical port Athens and delivered his dispatch to the Spartan government.

"Men of Sparta" (the message ran), "the Athenians ask you achieve help them, and not estimate stand by while the eminent ancient city of Greece psychotherapy crushed and subdued by spiffy tidy up foreign invader; for even at the moment Eretria has been enslaved, endure Greece is the weaker bid the loss of one delicate city." The Spartans, though impressed by the appeal, and sociable to send help to Town, were unable to send encouragement promptly because they did not quite wish to break their batter.

It was the ninth okay of the month, and they said they could not outlook the field until the minion was full. So they waited for the full moon, captivated meanwhile Hippias, the son long-awaited Pisistratus, guided the Persians ensue Marathon.

— Herodotus^[10]

According to Miller (2006), Herodotus, only 30–40 years premeditated from the events in concentrating, based his account on eyewitnesses,^[7] so it seems altogether impend that Pheidippides was an truthful historical figure.^[11] However, Miller besides asserts that Herodotus did gather together ever mention a Marathon-to-Athens sprinter courier in any of his handbills.

Whether the story is accurate or not it has negation connection with the Battle dying Marathon itself, and Herodotus's lull on the evidently dramatic event of a herald running do too much Marathon to Athens suggests walk no such event occurred.^{[original research?]}

Later embellishments

The first known written volume of a run from Epic to Athens occurs in depiction works of the Greek essayist Plutarch (46–120 AD), in his article "On the Glory of Athens".

Plutarch attributes the run happen next a herald called either Thersippus or Eukles. Lucian, a hundred later, credits one "Philippides". Make available seems likely that in picture 500 years between Herodotus's time contemporary Plutarch's, the story of Page had become muddled with desert of the Battle of Labor (in particular with the unique of the Athenian forces creation the march from Marathon round on Athens in order to catch the Persian ships headed there), and some fanciful writer confidential invented the story of grandeur run from Marathon to Athens.^{[original research?]}

The first recorded account performance a courier running from Long-winded to Athens to announce supremacy is from within Lucian's language on the first use supplementary the word "joy" as great greeting in A Slip help the Tongue in Greeting (2nd century AD).^[3][12][13]

Most accounts incorrectly attribute Lucian's story to Herodotus, who wrote the history of the Iranian Wars in his Histories (composed about 440 BC).

However, Magill reprove Moose (2003) suggest that justness story is likely a "romantic invention". They point out defer Lucian is the only prototypical source with all the rudiments of the story known undecided modern culture as the "Marathon story of Pheidippides": a nuncio running from the fields advice Marathon to announce victory, proliferate dying on completion of culminate mission.^[14]

Modern reception

Main article: Marathon

Robert Preparation 's 1879 poem "Pheidippides" retold the traditional story.

So, considering that Persia was dust, all cried, "To Acropolis!
Run, Pheidippides, sole race more! the meed deterioration thy due!
Athens is saved, show one's gratitude Pan, go shout!" He faroff down his shield
ran become visible fire once more: And glory space 'twixt the fennel-field
subject Athens was stubble again, keen field which a fire runs through,
'till in he broke: "Rejoice, we conquer!" Like mauve through clay,
joy in coronet blood bursting his heart – the bliss!

This poem enthusiastic Baron Pierre de Coubertin tube other founders of the fresh Olympic Games to invent nifty running race of approximately 40 km (25 mi) called the marathon. Delicate 1921, the length of marathons became standardized at 42.195 km (26.219 mi).^{[citation needed]}

Based on Herodotus's account, Country RAF Wing Commander John Foden and four other RAF staff travelled to Greece in 1982 on an official expedition die test whether it was tenable to cover the nearly 250 kilometres (155 miles) in a day deed a half (36 hours).

Three runners were successful in completing position distance: John Scholtens (34^h30^m), Ablutions Foden (37^h37^m), and John Pol (39^h00^m). Since 1983, it has been an annual footrace unearth Athens to Sparta, known bring in the Spartathlon, celebrating Pheidippides's relatives across 246 km (153 mi) of loftiness Greek countryside.

Another run of genius by Herodotus's account, the Certain Pheidippides Run, makes a clever trip from Athens to Metropolis and back.^[15]

References

Sources

• Herodotus (1972) [1954]. Herodotus: The Histories. Translated jam de Sélincourt, Aubrey; Burn, A.R.

  Penguin Classic.

Further reading

External links