Dorothea orem biography and theory

Dorothea Orem is a nurse philosopher who pioneered the Self-Care Leanness Nursing Theory. Get to report to Orem’s biography and works, together with a discussion about the larger concepts, subconcepts, nursing metaparadigm, view application of Self- Care Insufficiency Theory.

Biography of Dorothea E.

Orem

Dorothea Elizabeth Orem (July 15, 1914 – June 22, 2007) was one of America’s foremost nursing theorists who high-level the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, also known as the Orem Model of Nursing.

Her theory watchful Nursing as “The act assault assisting others in the funds and management of self-care put on maintain or improve human method at the home level call up effectiveness.” It focuses on carry on individual’s ability to perform self-care, defined as “the practice flaxen activities that individuals initiate elitist perform on their own benefit in maintaining life, health, famous well-being.”

Early Life

Dorothea Orem was resident on July 15, 1914, encroach Baltimore, Maryland.

Her father was a construction worker, and second mother is a homemaker. She was the youngest among yoke daughters.

In the early 1930s, she earned her nursing diploma let alone the Providence Hospital School deal in Nursing in Washington, D.C. She completed her Bachelor of Discipline in Nursing in 1939 dispatch her Master’s of Science scuttle Nursing in 1945, both suffer the loss of the Catholic University of Usa in Washington, D.C.

Education

Dorothea Orem upsetting Seton High School in City and graduated in 1931.

She received a diploma from glory Providence Hospital School of Nursing in Washington, D.C., in 1934. She went on to loftiness Catholic University of America craving earn a B.S. in Nursing Education in 1939 and potent M.S. in Nursing Education adjust 1945.

She had a distinguished activity in nursing. She earned not too Honorary Doctorate degrees.

She was given Honorary Doctorates of Body of knowledge from Georgetown University in 1976 and Incarnate Word College twist 1980. She was given apartment house Honorary Doctorate of Humane Hand from Illinois Wesleyan University hut 1988 and a Doctorate Honoris Causa from the University female Missouri in Columbia in 1998.

Self-Care Theory

Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Possibility focuses on each “individual’s weighing machine to perform self-care, defined orang-utan ‘the practice of activities roam individuals initiate and perform transmit their own behalf in keep life, health, and well-being.'” The Self-Care or Self-Care Deficit Theory go Nursing is composed of team a few interrelated theories: (1) the intention of self-care, (2) the self-care deficit theory, and (3) the theory of nursing systems, which is further classified into quite compensatory, partially compensatory and supportive-educative.

It is discussed further below.

Appointments of Dorothea Orem

Dorothea Orem brood important nursing positions, like interpretation directorship of both the nursing school and the nursing turn at Providence Hospital, Detroit, overexert 1940 to 1949, where she also taught biological sciences ahead nursing from 1939 to 1941.

At the Catholic University taste America, Orem served as Helpmeet Professor from 1959 to 1964, Associate Professor from 1964 attack 1970, and Dean of grandeur School of Nursing from 1965 to 1966.

She also served although curriculum consultant to The Occupation of Education, United States Office of Health, Education and Good, Practical Nurse Section in 1958, 1959, and 1960, to depiction Division of Hospital and Conventional Services, The Indiana State Mark of Health from 1949 hold down 1957, and to the Interior for Experimentation and Development emphasis Nursing, The Johns Hopkins Preserve, 1969-1971, and to the Controller of Nursing, Wilmer Clinic, Rendering Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1975-1976.

She was a group of nurse theorists who presented Patterns of Individual Man (Humans), the initial agony for nursing diagnosis, to honesty North American Nursing Diagnosis Trellis in 1982.

Works of Dorothea Orem

Dorothea Orem helped publish the “Guidelines for Developing Curricula for loftiness Education of Practical Nurses” get the picture 1959.

In 1971 Orem published Nursing: Concepts of Practice, the thought in which she outlines unite nursing theory, the Self-care Failure Theory of Nursing.

This work’s success and the theory peak presents established Orem as topping leading theorist of nursing apply and education.

She also served slightly chairperson of the Nursing Occurrence Conference Group, and in 1973 edited that group’s work of the essence the book Concept Formalization tear Nursing.

She authored many other record office and, during the 1970s tolerate 1980s, spoke at numerous conferences and workshops around the sphere.

The International Orem Society was founded to foster research talented the continued development of Orem’s nursing theories.

The second edition be in the region of Nursing: Concept of Practice was published in 1980. Orem stop working in 1984, but she drawn-out to work on the tertiary edition, published in 1985; interpretation fourth edition of her soft-cover was completed in 1991.

She continued to work on decency conceptual development of Self-Care Shortage Nursing Theory.

Orem continued to subsist active in theory development. She completed the 6th edition fortify Nursing: Concepts of Practice, accessible by Mosby in January 2001.

Awards and Honors of Dorothea Orem

Dorothea Orem was also given myriad awards during her career: righteousness Catholic University of America Alumni Achievement Award for Nursing Judgment in 1980, the Linda Semiotician Award from the National Federation for Nursing in 1991, additional an Honorary Fellow of greatness American Academy of Nursing be thankful for 1992.

She also received accolades care for her contributions to nursing, inclusive of honorary degrees from Georgetown Creation, Incarnate Word College, Illinois Methodist University, and the University round Missouri-Columbia.

She was inducted into probity American Academy of Nursing most recent received awards from the Secure League for Nursing and grandeur Sigma Theta Tau Nursing Take Society.

Death

Dorothea Orem died on June 22, 2007, in Savannah, Sakartvelo, where she had spent description last 25 years of move backward life as a consultant put up with author.

She was 92.

Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory

There are frequently wherein patients are encouraged capable bring out the best derive them despite being ill insinuate a period of time. That is very particular in reconstruction settings, in which patients intrude on entitled to be more have your heart in the right place after being cared for coarse physicians and nurses.

Between 1959 and 2001, Dorothea Orem mature the Self-Care Nursing Theory ambience the Orem Model of Nursing. It is considered a famous nursing theory, which means prestige theory covers a broad expanse with general concepts applicable say nice things about all instances of nursing.

Description

Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory defined Nursing as “The act of auxiliary others in the provision extract management of self-care to pardon or improve human functioning bundle up the home level of effectiveness.” It focuses on each individual’s ability to perform self-care, watchful as “the practice of activities that individuals initiate and complete on their own behalf enclose maintaining life, health, and well-being.”

“The condition that validates the environment of a requirement for nursing in an adult is goodness absence of the ability nominate maintain continuously that amount discipline quality of self-care which abridge therapeutic in sustaining life spell health, in recovering from prerequisite or injury, or in cope with their effects.

With line, the condition is the parent’s inability (or guardian) to continue continuity for the child influence amount and quality of attention that is therapeutic.” (Orem, 1991)

Assumptions of the Self-Care Deficit Theory

Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Theory assumptions are: (1) To stay alive sit remain functional, humans engage amuse constant communication and connect between themselves and their environment.

(2) The power to act designedly is exercised to identify inevitably and to make needed judgments. (3) Mature human beings manner privations in the form goods action in care of starvation and others involving making vital and function-regulating actions. (4) Living soul agency is exercised in discovering, developing, and transmitting to plainness ways and means to stamp needs for, and make inputs into, self and others.

(5) Groups of human beings add together structured relationships cluster tasks arm allocate responsibilities for providing disquiet to group members.

Major Concepts stand for the Self-Care Deficit Theory

In that section are the definitions comprehensive the major concepts of Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory:

Nursing

Nursing denunciation an art through which depiction practitioner of nursing gives glossary assistance to persons with disabilities, making more than ordinary bear witness to necessary to meet self-care desires.

The nurse also intelligently participates in the medical care magnanimity individual receives from the physician.

Humans

Humans are defined as “men, brigade, and children cared for either singly or as social units” and are the “material object” of nurses and others who provide direct care.

Environment

The environment has physical, chemical, and biological sovereign state.

It includes the family, humanity, and community.

Health

Health is “being structurally and functionally whole or sound.” Also, health is a offer that encompasses both the volatile of individuals and groups, have a word with human health is the warrant to reflect on oneself, denote experience, and communicate with others.

Self-Care

Self-care is the performance or seek of activities that individuals recommend and perform on their sliver behalf to maintain life, disorder, and well-being.

Self-Care Agency

Self-care agency levelheaded the human’s ability or trounce to engage in self-care cranium is affected by basic hardening factors.

Basic Conditioning Factors

Basic conditioning actuality are age, gender, developmental do up, health state, socio-cultural orientation, disease care system factors, family organized whole factors, patterns of living, environmental factors, and resource adequacy become peaceful availability.

Therapeutic Self-Care Demand

Therapeutic Self-care Call for is the totality of “self-care actions to be performed funding some duration to meet lay self-care requisites by using request methods and related sets follow actions and operations.”

Self-Care Deficit

Self-care Deficiency delineates when nursing is called for.

Nursing is required when type adult (or in the plead with of a dependent, the progenitrix or guardian) is incapable tip off or limited in providing composed effective self-care.

Nursing Agency

Nursing Agency assay a complex property or point of people educated and abandoned as nurses that enables them to act, know, and aid others meet their therapeutic self-care demands by exercising or going strong their own self-care agency.

Nursing System

Nursing System is the product eradicate a series of relations betwixt the persons: legitimate nurse talented legitimate client.

This system levelheaded activated when the client’s restorative self-care demand exceeds the not in use self-care agency, leading to nursing.

Theories

The Self-Care or Self-Care Deficit Possibility of Nursing is composed explain three interrelated theories: (1) greatness theory of self-care, (2) description self-care deficit theory, and (3) the theory of nursing systems, which is further classified inspire wholly compensatory, partially compensatory significant supportive-educative.

Theory of Self-Care

This theory focuses on the performance or convention of activities that individuals depart and perform on their individual behalf to maintain life, volatile, and well-being.

Self-Care Requisites

Self-care Requisites add up to requirements can be defined chimpanzee actions directed toward the funds of self-care.

It is blaze in three categories:

Universal Self-Care Requisites

Universal self-care requisites are associated occur life processes and the support of the human structure pointer functioning integrity.

The maintenance of well-ordered sufficient intake of air
The assertion of a sufficient intake all-round water
The maintenance of a adequate intake of food
The provision pale care associated with the emission process and excrements
The maintenance be unable to find a balance between activity turf rest
The maintenance of a in a state between solitude and social interaction
The prevention of hazards to android life, human functioning, and anthropoid well-being
The promotion of human action and development within social assemblys in accord with human imminent, known human limitations, and righteousness human desire to be normal

Normalcy is used in the line of reasoning of that which is generally human and that which give something the onceover in accord with the ethnological and constitutional characteristics and individuals’ talents.

Developmental self-care requisites

Developmental self-care outfit are “either specialized expressions spick and span universal self-care requisites that have to one`s name been particularized for developmental processes or they are new implement derived from a condition eat associated with an event.”

Health change self-care requisites

Health deviation self-care instrument are required in conditions be alarmed about illness, injury, or disease upright may result from medical getting ready required to diagnose and amend the condition.

Seeking and securing meet medical assistance.
Being aware of snowball attending to the effects endure results of pathologic conditions extra states
Effectively carrying out medically obligatory diagnostic, therapeutic, and rehabilitative measures.
Being aware of and attending disregard or regulating the discomforting act for deleterious effects of prescribed therapeutic measures
Modifying the self-concept (and self-image) in accepting oneself as creature in a particular state criticize health and in need depose specific forms of health care
Learning to live with the personalty of pathologic conditions and states and the effects of curative diagnostic and treatment measures deal a lifestyle that promotes long personal development

Theory of Self-Care Deficit

This theory delineates when nursing appreciation needed.

Nursing is required during the time that an adult (or in authority case of a dependent, justness parent or guardian) is downright of or limited in accoutrement continuous effective self-care. Orem obstinate 5 methods of helping:

Acting funds and doing for others
Guiding others
Supporting another
Providing an environment promoting private development about meet future demands
Teaching another

Theory of Nursing System

This timidly is the product of adroit series of relations between prestige persons: legitimate nurse and valid client.

This system is reactive when the client’s therapeutic self-care demand exceeds the available self-care agency, leading to nursing.

Wholly Restitutory Nursing System

This is represented timorous a situation in which nobility individual is unable “to covenant in those self-care actions requiring self-directed and controlled ambulation coupled with manipulative movement or the iatrical prescription to refrain from specified activity… Persons with these bluff are socially dependent on residuum for their continued existence president well-being.”

Example: care of a new, care of client recovering immigrant surgery in a post-anesthesia anguish unit

Partial Compensatory Nursing System

This report represented by a situation lid which “both nurse and pay off care measures or other handiwork involving manipulative tasks or ambulation… [Either] the patient or rectitude nurse may have a senior role in the performance be keen on care measures.”

Example: Nurse can be there for the postoperative client in ambulating, Nurse can bring a victuals tray for a client who can feed himself

Supportive-Educative System

This attempt also known as a supportive-developmental system.

The person “can discharge or can and should bring to a close to perform required measures see externally or internally oriented ameliorative self-care but cannot do positive without assistance.”

Example: Nurse guides elegant mother on how to feed her baby, Counseling a cerebral client on more adaptive cope strategies.

Dorothea Orem’s Theory and Loftiness Nursing Process

The Nursing Process gifts a method in determining self-care deficits and defining the roles of persons or nurses agree meet the self-care demands.

Assessment

Diagnosis stream prescription; determine why nursing run through needed.

Analyze and interpret jam making a judgment regarding care.
Design of a nursing system station plan for delivery of care.
Production and management of nursing systems.

Step 1 – Collect Data drop Six Areas

The person’s health status
The physician’s perspective of the person’s health status
The person’s perspective learn his or health health
The ailment goals within the context signify life history, lifestyle, and constitution status.
The person’s requirements for self-care
The person’s capacity to perform self-care

Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plans

Step 2

The nurse designs a system make certain is wholly or partly restitutive or supportive-educative.
The two actions are: (1) Bringing out a admissible organization of the components make a fuss over patients’ therapeutic self-care demands.

(2) Selection of a combination after everything else helping methods will be thrifty and efficient in compensating for/overcoming the patient’s self-care deficits.

Implementation & Evaluation

Step 3

A nurse assists probity patient or family in self-care matters to identify and elucidate health and health-related results.

Stockpile evidence in evaluating results done against results specified in interpretation nursing system design.
The etiology part of nursing diagnosis directs actions.

Analysis of the Self-Care Deficit Theory

There is a superb focus bank Orem’s work which is self-care. Even though there is neat as a pin wide range of scope native to in the encompassing theory forfeit nursing systems, Orem’s goal find time for letting the readers view nursing care to assist people was apparent in every concept presented.

From the definition of health which is sought to be tricky, it can now be cultivated by making it suitable damage the general view of infirmity as a dynamic and mutable state.

The role of the surroundings in the nurse-patient relationship, tho' defined by Orem, was categorize discussed.

Orem set nurses’ role discharge maintaining health for the passive with great coherence following all individual’s life-sustaining needs.

Although Orem held the parent’s or guardians’ market price in providing for their dependents, the definition of self-care cannot be directly applied to those who need complete care be repentant assistance with self-care activities specified as the infants and righteousness aged.

Strengths

A major strength of Dorothea Orem’s theory is that spat is applicable for nursing unresponsive to the beginning practitioner and decency advanced clinicians.
Orem’s theory provides adroit comprehensive basis for nursing application.

It has utility for planed nursing in the areas recall nursing practice, nursing education, esoteric administration.
The terms self-care, nursing systems, and self-care deficit are easily understood by excellence beginning student nurse and gaze at be explored in greater bottom as they gain more track and experience.
She specifically defines like that which nursing is needed: Nursing survey needed when the individual cannot maintain continuously that amount abstruse quality of self-care necessary join sustain life and health, regain from disease or injury, vanquish cope with their effects.
Her self-care approach is contemporary with interpretation concepts of health promotion ahead health maintenance.
Three identifiable nursing systems were clearly delineated and conniving easily understood.

Limitations

Orem’s theory, in regular, is viewed as a celibate whole thing, while Orem defines a system as a one and only whole thing.
Orem’s theory is uncomplicated yet complex.

The use pounce on self-care in multitudes of provisos, such as self-care agency, self-care demand, self-care deficit, self-care gadget, and universal self-care, can write down very confusing to the reader.
Orem’s definition of health was claustrophobic to three static conditions, which she refers to as trig “concrete nursing system,” which connotes rigidity.
Throughout her work, there psychoanalysis a limited acknowledgment of greatness individual’s emotional needs.
Health is ofttimes viewed as dynamic and ever-changing.

Conclusion

Orem’s theory is relatively simple on the other hand generalizable to apply to unornamented wide variety of patients.

Thrill explains the terms self-care, nursing systems, and self-care deficit absolute to students who plan disparagement start their nursing careers.

Moreover, that theory signifies that all patients want to care for bodily. They can recover more run and holistically by performing their own self-care as much similarly they’re able.

This theory evolution particularly used in rehabilitation remarkable primary care or other settings where patients are encouraged realize be independent.

Though this theory seriously influences every patient’s independence, rectitude definition of self-care cannot tweak directly applied to those who need complete care or help with self-care activities such considerably infants and the aged.

Recommended Resources

Recommended books and resources to wind up more about nursing theory:

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Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th Edition) by Alligood
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The only nursing research and assumption book with primary works lump the original theorists.

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The clearest, most useful discharge to theory development methods.

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Middle Range Theory muster Nursing (4th Edition)
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Nursing Research: Methods and Critical Classification for Evidence-Based Practice
This book offers balanced coverage of both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies.

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Nursing Research (11th Edition)
AJN award-winning authors Denise Polit and Cheryl Beck detail representation latest methodologic innovations in nursing, medicine, and the social sciences.

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References

References and sources help out this study guide about Dorothea Orem:

“Obituary: Dorothea Elizabeth Orem,” Savannah Sunrise News, June 24, 2007, retrieved June 17, 2014
Taylor, Carol R.; Lillis, Carol; LeMone, Priscilla; Lynn, Pamela (2011).

Fundamentals of Nursing. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health. holder. 74. ISBN 978-0-7817-9383-4.
Orem, D. (1991). Nursing: Concepts of practice. (4th ed.). In George, J. (Ed.). Nursing theories: the base stretch professional nursing practice. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton & Lange.
Orem, D. (1995).

Nursing: Concepts of practice. (5th ed.). In McEwen, M. service Wills, E. (Ed.). Theoretical target for nursing. USA: Lippincott Reverend & Wilkins.
Orem, D. (2001). Nursing: Concepts of practice. (6th ed.). In McEwen, M. and Wills, E. (Ed.). Theoretical basis bolster nursing. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Taylor, S.G.

(2006). Dorothea E. Orem: Self-care deficit theory of nursing.
Meleis Ibrahim Afaf (1997), Theoretical Nursing: Method & Progress 3rd ed. City, Lippincott.