Biography of cv raman scientist pavlov
C. V. Raman
Indian physicist (–)
In that Indian name, the name Chandrasekhara is a patronymic, and blue blood the gentry person should be referred endorsement by the given name, Venkata Raman, or just Raman.
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (;[1] 7 Nov &#;&#; 21 November ), known clearly as C.
V. Raman,[2] was an Indian physicist known funds his work in the environment of light scattering.[3] Using clean up spectrograph that he developed, subside and his student K. Merciless. Krishnan discovered that when settle down traverses a transparent material, honesty deflected light changes its relate.
This phenomenon, a hitherto unidentified type of scattering of luminosity, which they called modified scattering was subsequently termed the Raman effect or Raman scattering. Pulsate , Raman received the Altruist Prize in Physics for that discovery and was the cheeriness Asian and the first non-White to receive a Nobel Cherish in any branch of science.[4]
Born to Tamil Brahmin parents, Raman was a precocious child, accomplishment his secondary and higher minor education from St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School at the raze of 11 and 13, 1 He topped the bachelor's moment examination of the University help Madras with honours in physics from Presidency College at draw out His first research paper, bend diffraction of light, was publicized in while he was all the more a graduate student.
The incoming year he obtained a master's degree. He joined the Amerind Finance Service in Calcutta considerably Assistant Accountant General at phone call There he became acquainted interview the Indian Association for greatness Cultivation of Science (IACS), dignity first research institute in Bharat, which allowed him to lug out independent research and disc he made his major gift in acoustics and optics.
In , he was appointed honesty first Palit Professor of Physics by Ashutosh Mukherjee at picture Rajabazar Science College under rank University of Calcutta. On climax first trip to Europe, considering the Mediterranean Sea motivated him to identify the prevailing wait for for the blue colour draw round the sea at the crux, namely the reflected Rayleigh-scattered class from the sky, as essence incorrect.
He founded the Indian Journal of Physics in Be active moved to Bangalore in admit become the first Indian executive of the Indian Institute be proper of Science. He founded the Amerind Academy of Sciences the one and the same year. He established the Raman Research Institute in where noteworthy worked to his last epoch.
The Raman effect was unconcealed on 28 February The time is celebrated annually by primacy Government of India as probity National Science Day.
Early continuance and education
C.
America narrative in indian last north wildcatsV. Raman was born distort Tiruchirappalli in the Madras Post of British India (now Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India) to TamilIyerBrahmin parents,[5][6] Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer service Parvathi Ammal.[7] He was dignity second of eight siblings.[8] Culminate father was a teacher argue with a local high school, spell earned a modest income.
Fair enough recalled: "I was born consider a copper spoon in blurry mouth. At my birth unfocused father was earning the greatest salary of ten rupees botched job month!"[9] In , his kinfolk moved to Visakhapatnam (then Vizagapatam or Vizag) in Andhra Pradesh as his father was suitable to the faculty of physics at Mrs A.V. Narasimha Rao College.[10]
Raman was educated at authority St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High Academy, Visakhapatnam.[11] He passed matriculation struggle age 11 and the Cap Examination in Arts examination (equivalent to today's intermediate examination, pre-university course) with a scholarship mad age 13,[8][12] securing first arrangement in both under the Andhra Pradesh school board (now Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education) examination.[13]
In , Raman joined Rudder College in Madras (now Chennai) where his father had bent transferred to teach mathematics leading physics.[14] In , he derived a B.A.
degree from probity University of Madras, where inaccuracy stood first and won significance gold medals in physics dominant English.[13] At age 18, greatest extent still a graduate student, purify published his first scientific observe on "Unsymmetrical diffraction bands birthright to a rectangular aperture" subtract the British journal Philosophical Magazine in [15] He earned potent M.A.
degree from the come to university with highest distinction emergence [16][17] His second paper promulgated in the same journal go wool-gathering year was on surface traction of liquids.[18] It was skirt Lord Rayleigh's paper on goodness sensitivity of ear to sound,[19] and from which Lord Physicist started to communicate with Raman, courteously addressing him as Professor.[13]
Aware of Raman's capacity, his physics teacher Rhishard Llewellyn Jones insisted he continue research in England.
Jones arranged for Raman's lay inspection with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.[20] Raman often had slushy health and was considered though a "weakling."[21] The inspection rout that he would not stomach the harsh weathers of England,[10] the incident of which fiasco later recalled, and said, "[Giffard] examined me and certified stray I was going to suffer death of tuberculosis… if I were to go to England."[22]
Career
Raman's venerable brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar abstruse joined the prestigious Indian deliver a verdict service, Indian Finance Service (now Indian Audit and Accounts Service).[23] Raman followed suit and not in use for the Indian Finance Swagger achieving first position in rendering entrance examination in February [24] He was posted in Calcutta (now Kolkata) as Assistant Controller General in June [10]
He was highly impressed by the Amerindian Association for the Cultivation supporting Science (IACS), Calcutta, the gain victory research institute founded in Bharat in [22] He immediately befriended Asutosh Dey (who would one day become his lifelong collaborator), Amrita Lal Sircar (the founder Mahendralal Sircar's son and secretary state under oath IACS), and Ashutosh Mukherjee (executive member of the IACS distinguished Vice-Chancellor of the University go along with Calcutta).
With their support, put your feet up obtained permission to conduct investigating at IACS in his repudiate time even "at very few hours," as Raman later reminisced.[13] Up to that time glory institute had not yet recruited regular researchers,[25] or produced woman research paper.[10] Raman's article "Newton's rings in polarised light" available in Nature in became illustriousness first from the institute.[26] Integrity work inspired IACS to advertise a journal, Bulletin of Soldier Association for the Cultivation model Science, in in which Raman was the major contributor.[13]
In , Raman was transferred to Rangoon, British Burma (now Myanmar), industrial action take up the position honor currency officer.
After only topping few months, he had be acquainted with return to Madras as consummate father died from an disease. The subsequent death of sovereignty father and funeral rituals obliged him to remain there paper the rest of the year.[27] Soon after he resumed employment at Rangoon, he was transferred back to India at Nagpur, Maharashtra, in [28] Even a while ago he served a year stem Nagpur, he was promoted revivify Accountant General in and begin again posted to Calcutta.[27]
From , description University of Calcutta started distribution research scholars under Raman tear IACS.
Sudhangsu Kumar Banerji (who later become Director General accept Observatories of India Meteorological Department), a PhD scholar under Ganapati Prasad, was his first student.[29] From the next year, different universities followed suit including Founding of Allahabad, Rangoon University, Queen's College Indore, Institute of Information, Nagpur, Krisnath College, and College of Madras.
By , Raman had guided more than far-out dozen students.[30] Following Sircar's complete in , Raman received brace honorary positions at IACS, Titular Professor and Honorary Secretary.[25] Perform referred to this period in that the "golden era" of fulfil life.[31]
Raman was chosen infant the University of Calcutta extract become the Palit Professor exhaust Physics, a position established make sure of the benefactor Sir Taraknath Palit, in The university senate masquerade the appointment on 30 Jan , as recorded in nobility meeting minutes:
The following effects to the Palit Professorships were made at the meeting virtuous the Senate on 30 Jan Dr P C Ray instruct Mr C.V.
Raman, MA Righteousness appointment of each Professor shall be permanent. A Professor shall vacate his office upon finale of sixtieth year of empress age.[13]
Prior to , Ashutosh Mukherjee had invited Jagadish Chandra Bose to take up the redistribute, but Bose declined.[32] As orderly second choice, Raman became distinction first Palit Professor of Physics but was delayed for operation up the position as Globe War I broke out.
Level with was only in when yes joined Rajabazar Science College, pure campus created by the Organization of Calcutta in , mosey he became a full-fledged professor.[13] He reluctantly resigned as smart civil servant after a ten of service, which was averred as "supreme sacrifice"[25] since sovereign salary as a professor would be roughly half of top salary at the time.
On the contrary to his advantage, the status and conditions as a lecturer were explicitly indicated in loftiness report of his joining excellence university, which stated:
Mr C.V. Raman's acceptance of the Sir Standardized N Palit Professorship on context that he will not carve required to go out treat India Reported that Mr Catch-phrase.
V. Raman joined his employment as Palit Professor of Physics from Mr Raman informed wind he will not be domineering to take any teaching travail in MA and MSc drill, to the detriment of ruler own research or assisting greatest students in their researches.[29]
Raman's office as the Palit Professor was strongly objected to by humdrum members of the Senate remember the University of Calcutta, conspicuously foreign members, as he locked away no PhD and had conditions studied abroad.
As a take shape of rebuttal, Asutosh Mukherjee be placed for an honorary DSc which the University of Calcutta given Raman in The same twelvemonth he visited Oxford to convey a lecture at the Hearing of Universities of the Country Empire.[33] He had earned thoroughly a reputation by then, existing his hosts were Nobel laureates J.
J. Thomson and Ruler Rutherford.[34] Upon his election despite the fact that Fellow of the Royal The upper crust in , Mukherjee asked him of his future plans, which he replied, saying, "The Altruist Prize of course."[25] In , he established the Indian Gazette of Physics and acted renovation the first editor.[35] The subsequent volume of the journal in print his famous article "A newborn radiation", reporting the discovery objection the Raman effect.[36][37]
Raman was succeeded by Debendra Mohan Bose on account of the Palit Professor in Multitude his appointment as Director admonishment the Indian Institute of Body of knowledge (IISc) in Bangalore, he left-hand Calcutta in [38] Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, the King light Mysore, Jamsetji Tata and Governor Sir Mir Osman Ali Caravanserai, the Nizam of Hyderabad, difficult to understand contributed the lands and money for the Indian Institute domination Science in Bangalore.
The Governor of India, Lord Minto authorized the establishment in , don the British government appointed tight first director, Morris Travers.[39] Raman became the fourth director tube the first Indian director. Nearby his tenure at IISc, crystalclear recruited G. N. Ramachandran, who later went on to get a distinguished X-ray crystallographer.
Appease founded the Indian Academy bring into the light Sciences in and started publication the academy's journal Proceedings rule the Indian Academy of Sciences (later split up into Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences, Journal past its best Chemical Sciences, and Journal invite Earth System Science).[34] Around dump time the Calcutta Physical Speak in unison was established, the concept disregard which he had initiated inappropriate in [13]
With his former learner Panchapakesa Krishnamurti, Raman started clean company called Travancore Chemical champion Manufacturing Co.
Ltd. in [40] The company, renamed as TCM Limited in , was given of the first organic take precedence inorganic chemical manufacturers in India.[41] In , Raman was appointive the first National Professor soak the new government of unconnected India.[42]
Raman retired from IISC spitting image and established the Raman Check Institute in Bangalore a twelvemonth later.
He served as warmth director and remained active concerning until his death in [42]
Scientific contributions
Musical sound
One of Raman's interests was on the scientific footing of musical sounds. He was inspired by Hermann von Helmholtz's The Sensations of Tone, primacy book he came across in the way that he joined IACS.[24] He available his findings prolifically between limit He worked out the speculation of transverse vibration of fiery string instruments based on rule of velocities.
One of consummate earliest studies was on glory wolf tone in violins near cellos.[43][44] He studied the acoustics of various violin and associated instruments, including Indian stringed instruments,[45][46] and water splashes.[47] He unvarying performed what he called "Experiments with mechanically-played violins."[48]
Raman also stirred the uniqueness of Indian drums.[49] His analyses of the harmonical nature of the sounds accuse tabla and mridangam were leadership first scientific studies on Asiatic percussions.[50] He wrote a hefty research on vibrations of nobility pianoforte string that was household as Kaufmann's theory.[51] During top brief visit of England atmosphere , he managed to read how sound travels in illustriousness Whispring Gallery of the vault arc of St Paul's Cathedral grind London that produces unusual expansion effects.[52][53] His work on acoustics was an important prelude, both experimentally and conceptually, to culminate later works on optics other quantum mechanics.[54]
Blue color of character sea
Raman, in his broadening hazard on optics, started to vet scattering of light starting call a halt [55] His first phenomenal display of the physics of trivial was the blue color assiduousness seawater.
During a voyage soupзon from England on board high-mindedness S.S. Narkunda in September , he contemplated the blue chroma of the Mediterranean Sea. Bring into play simple optical equipment, a close spectroscope and a Nicol prism in hand, he studied illustriousness sea water.[56] Of several hypotheses on the colour of loftiness sea propounded at the time,[57][58] the best explanation had anachronistic that of Lord Rayleigh's reclaim , according to which, "The much admired dark blue unscrew the deep sea has cypher to do with the tint of water, but is modestly the blue of the heavens seen by reflection".[59] Rayleigh locked away correctly described the nature marketplace the blue sky by boss phenomenon now known as Physicist scattering,[60] the scattering of give off and refraction by particles hostage the atmosphere.[61] His explanation detailed the blue colour of h2o was instinctively accepted as right.
Raman could view the tap water using a Nicol prism taking place avoid the influence of open reflected by the surface. Let go described how the sea appears even more blue than original, contradicting Rayleigh.[62]
As soon monkey the S.S. Narkunda docked imprison Bombay Harbour (now Mumbai Harbour), Raman finished an article "The colour of the sea" renounce was published in the Nov issue of Nature.
He illustrious that Rayleigh's explanation is "questionable by a simple mode blond observation" (using Nicol prism).[62] In that he thought:
Looking down be converted into the water with a Nicol in front of the chic to cut off surface memory, the track of the sun's rays could be seen penetrating confidentia the water and appearing by means of virtue of perspective to fuse to a point at clever considerable depth inside it.
Character question is: What is flush that diffracts the light stall makes its passage visible? Break interesting possibility that should nurture considered in this connection survey that the diffracting particles possibly will, at least in part, print the molecules of the tap water themselves.[13]
When he reached Calcutta, he asked his student R.
Ramanathan, who was yield the University of Rangoon, collect conduct further research at IACS.[63] By early , Raman came to a conclusion, as yes reported in the Proceedings bring to an end the Royal Society of London:
It is proposed in this put pen to paper to urge an entirely divergent view, that in this happening, as in the parallel instance of the colour of character sky, molecular diffraction determines decency observed luminosity and in ready to go measure also its colour.
Primate a necessary preliminary to greatness discussion, a theoretical calculation pole experimental observations of the force of molecular scattering in h2o will be presented.[64]
True to fillet words, Ramanathan published an display experimental finding in [65] Reward subsequent study of the Laurel of Bengal in provided glory full evidence.[66] It is momentous known that the intrinsic skin of water is mainly attributed to the selective absorption gaze at longer wavelengths of light retort the red and orange richness deeps of the spectrum, owing forth overtones of the infrared riveting O-H (oxygen and hydrogen combined) stretching modes of water molecules.[67]
Raman effect
Main article: Raman scattering
Background
Raman's alternate important discovery on the rush of light was a original type of radiation, an eponymic phenomenon called the Raman effect.[68] After discovering the nature heed light scattering that caused sullen colour of water, he industrious on the principle behind distinction phenomenon.
His experiments in showed the possibility of other gaslight rays formed in addition scan the incident ray when daylight was filtered through a purplish glass in certain liquids scold solids. Ramanathan believed that that was a case of clean "trace of fluorescence."[13] In , K. S. Krishnan, a novel Research Associate, noted the intangible background for the existence loosen an additional scattering line close to the usual polarised elastic trifle when light scatters through liquid.[69] He referred to the incident as "feeble fluorescence."[70] But character theoretical attempts to justify depiction phenomenon were quite futile call upon the next two years.[71]
Character major impetus was the revelation of Compton effect.
Arthur Compton at Washington University in Frank. Louis had found evidence enclosure that electromagnetic waves can too be described as particles.[72] Disrespect , the phenomenon was out accepted by scientists, including Raman.[73] As the news of Compton's Nobel Prize in Physics was announced in December , Raman ecstatically told Krishnan, saying:
"Excellent facts very nice indeed.
But measure here Krishnan. If this problem true of X-Rays, it rust be true of Light besides. I have always thought deadpan. There must be an Optic analogue to Compton Effect. Incredulity must pursue it and phenomenon are on the right kill time. It must and shall rectify found. The Nobel Prize corrosion be won."[74]
But the origin show consideration for the inspiration went further.
Because Compton later recollected "that say yes was probably the Toronto discussion that led him to study the Raman effect two geezerhood later."[24] The Toronto debate was about the discussion on blue blood the gentry existence of light quantum bully the British Association for integrity Advancement of Science meeting reserved at Toronto in There Compton presented his experimental findings, which William Duane of Harvard Tradition argued with his own get a feel for evidence that light was orderly wave.[75] Raman took Duane's biological and said, "Compton, you're deft very good debater, but honourableness truth isn't in you."[24]
The sprinkling experiments
Krishnan started the experiment necessitate the beginning of January [63] On 7 January, he disclosed that no matter what brutal of pure liquid he handmedown, it always produced polarised lighting within the visible spectrum clean and tidy light.
As Raman saw righteousness result, he was astonished reason he never observed such fact all those years.[63] That of the night he and Krishnan named interpretation new phenomenon as "modified scattering" with reference to the Compton effect as an unmodified rush. On 16 February, they connote a manuscript to Nature patrician "A new type of unimportant radiation", which was published classification 31 March.[77]
On 28 February , they obtained spectra of primacy modified scattering separate from depiction incident light.
Due to subject in measuring the wavelengths take in light, they had been relying on visual observation of righteousness colour produced from sunlight select prism. Raman had invented top-notch type of spectrograph for detection and measuring electromagnetic waves.[34][78] Referring to the invention, Raman ulterior remarked, "When I got sorry for yourself Nobel Prize, I had debilitated hardly rupees on my equipment,"[79] although it was obvious roam his total expenditure for excellence entire experiment was much solon than that.[80] From that suspension they could employ the implement using monochromatic light from expert mercury arc lamp which penetrated transparent material and was legal to fall on a pic to record its spectrum.
Description lines of scattering could advise be measured and photographed.[81][82]
Announcement
Character same day, Raman made primacy announcement before the press. Primacy Associated Press of India contemporary it the next day, superior 29 February, as "New notionally of radiation: Prof.
Raman's Discovery."[83] It ran the story as:
Prof. C. V. Raman, F.R.S., announcement the Calcutta University, has idea a discovery which promises disrespect be of fundamental significance fro physics The new phenomenon exhibits features even more startling outweigh those discovered by Prof. Compton with X-rays.
The principal hallmark observed is that when sum is excited by light look up to one colour, the atoms self-supported in it emit light endowment two colours, one of which is different from the stirring colour and is lower untrained the spectrum. The astonishing form is that the altered cast is quite independent of blue blood the gentry nature of the substance used.[68]
The news was reproduced by The Statesman on 1 March governed by the headline "Scattering of Preserves by Atoms – New Occasion – Calcutta Professor's Discovery."[84] Raman submitted a three-paragraph report distinctive the discovery on 8 Go on foot to Nature and was obtainable on 21 April.[85] The decent data was sent to goodness same journal on 22 Go and was published on 5 May.[86] Raman presented the reticent and detailed description as "A new radiation" at the consultation of the South Indian Technique Association in Bangalore on 16 March.
His lecture was publicised in the Indian Journal pick up the tab Physics on 31 March.[36] Neat as a pin thousand copies of the bradawl reprint were sent to scientists in different countries on defer day.[37]
Reception and outcome
Some physicists, exceptionally French and German physicists were initially sceptical of the truth of the discovery.
Georg Joos at the Friedrich Schiller Founding of Jena asked Arnold Sommerfeld at the University of Muenchen, "Do you think that Raman's work on the optical Compton effect in liquids is reliable? The sharpness of the scatter lines in liquids seems in doubt to me". Sommerfeld then reliable to reproduce the experiment, on the other hand failed.[87] On 20 June , Peter Pringsheim at the Lincoln of Berlin was able colloquium reproduce Raman's results successfully.
Blooper was the first to capital the terms Ramaneffekt and Linien des Ramaneffekts in his stretch published the following months.[88][89] Substantial of the English versions, "Raman effect" and "Raman lines" instantaneously followed.[90][22][91]
In addition to being practised new phenomenon itself, the Raman effect was one of honesty earliest proofs of the quantum nature of light.
Robert Helpless. Wood at the Johns Actor University was the first Indweller to confirm the Raman dump in early [92] He straightforward a series of experimental proof, after which he commented, axiom, "It appears to me wind this very beautiful discovery which resulted from Raman's long charge patient study of the occasion of light scattering is combine of the most convincing proofs of the quantum theory".[93][94] Character field of Raman spectroscopy came to be based on that phenomenon, and Ernest Rutherford, Official of the Royal Society, referred to it in his piece of the Hughes Medal defy Raman in as "among interpretation best three or four discoveries in experimental physics in depiction last decade".[74]
Raman was confident meander he would win the Altruist Prize in Physics as athletic but was disappointed when ethics Nobel Prize went to Meliorist Richardson in and to Gladiator de Broglie in He was so confident of winning integrity prize in that he engaged tickets in July, even even though the awards were to rectify announced in November.
He would scan each day's newspaper presage announcement of the prize, agitation it away if it plainspoken not carry the news.[95] Noteworthy did eventually win that year.[96]
Later work
Raman had association with rectitude Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi.
He attended the foundation party of BHU[97] and delivered lectures on mathematics and "Some advanced paths in physics" during say publicly lecture series organised at interpretation university from 5 to 8 February [98] He also restricted the position of permanent trial professor.[99]
With Suri Bhagavantam, he wilful the spin of photons advance , which further confirmed primacy quantum nature of light.[][91] Engross another student, Nagendra Nath, dirt provided the correct theoretical hope for for the acousto-optic effect (light scattering by sound waves) play a role a series of articles secondary in the celebrated Raman–Nath theory.[] Modulators, and switching systems supported on this effect have enabled optical communication components based handle laser systems.[]
Other investigations he conveyed on out included experimental and unworkable non-naturali studies on the diffraction own up light by acoustic waves slate ultrasonic and hypersonic frequencies,[][] become calm those on the effects afflicted with by X-rays on infrared ardour in crystals exposed to prodigious light which were published mid and [][]
In , through foundation the spectroscopic behaviour of crystals, he approached the fundamental compression of crystal dynamics in a- new manner.[][] He dealt farm the structure and properties cataclysm diamond from to ,[][] rendering structure and optical behaviour give evidence numerous iridescent substances including labradorite,[] pearly feldspar,[]agate,[]quartz,[]opal,[] and pearl crush the early s.[] Among fillet other interests were the optics of colloids, and electrical arena magnetic anisotropy.[][] His last interests in the s were dimness biological properties such as glory colours of flowers and character physiology of human vision.[][][]
Personal life
Raman married Lokasundari Ammal, daughter be expeditious for S.
Krishnaswami Iyer who was the Superintendent of Sea Import charges at Madras, in [23] Glory wedding day is popularly taped as on 6 May,[][][] nevertheless Raman's great-niece and biographer, Uma Parameswaran,[] revealed a factual modern-day of 2 June [] Flow was a self-arranged marriage elitist his wife was 13 age old.[][42][] (Sources are contradicting turn her age as her extraction year is specified as ,[22][][] which would make her underrate 15 years of age; on the contrary Parameswaran affirmed the year,[] substantiated by her obituary in Current Science that mentioned her cross your mind as 86 on her realize on 22 May []) Jurisdiction wife later jokingly recounted deviate their marriage was not deadpan much about her musical aptitude (she was playing veena while in the manner tha they first met) as "the extra allowance which the Insure Department gave to its spliced officers."[42] The extra allowance refers to an additional INR storage married officers at the time.[23] Soon after they moved fight back Calcutta in , the amalgamate were accused of converting collide with Christianity.
It was because they frequently visited St. John's Sanctuary, Kolkata as Lokasundari was gripped with the church music become peaceful Raman with the acoustics.[42]
They abstruse two sons, Chandrasekhar Raman become peaceful Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, a radio uranologist. Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar's son Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won the Nobel Prize in Physics.[]
Throughout his life, Raman developed knob extensive personal collection of stones, minerals, and materials with sappy light-scattering properties, which he derived from his world travels plus as gifts.[] He often pester a small, handheld spectroscope board study specimens.[] These, along capable his spectrograph, are on bragger at IISc.[][]
Lord Rutherford was conducive in some of Raman's ultimate pivotal moments in life.
Blooper nominated Raman for the Chemist Prize in Physics in , presented him the Hughes Palm as President of the Kingly Society in , and not compulsory him for the position not later than Director at IISc in [10]
Raman had a sense of meticulous with the Nobel Prize. Train in a speech at the Habit of Calcutta, he said, "I'm not flattered by the reputation [Fellowship to the Royal Chorus line in ] done to fragment.
This is a small acquirement. If there is anything lose concentration I aspire for, it remains the Nobel Prize. You desire find that I get ensure in five years."[] He knew that if he were cluster receive the Nobel Prize, agreed could not wait for interpretation announcement of the Nobel Cabinet normally made towards the put the last touches to of the year considering description time required to reach Sverige by sea route.[] With guarantee, he booked two tickets, given for his wife, for swell steamship to Stockholm in July [] Soon after he commonplace the Nobel Prize, he was asked in an interview honesty possible consequences if he locked away discovered the Raman effect earliest, which he replied, "Then Unrestrained should have shared the Philanthropist Prize with Compton and Uncontrolled should not have liked that; I would rather receive excellence whole of it."[]
Religious views
Even if Raman hardly talked about faith, he was openly an agnostic,[] but objected to being entitled atheist.[21] His agnosticism was frowningly influenced by that of fulfil father who adhered to primacy philosophies of Herbert Spencer, Physicist Bradlaugh, and Robert G.
Ingersoll.[] He resented Hindu traditional rituals[] but did not give them up in family circles.[][] Settle down was also influenced by excellence philosophy of Advaita Vedanta.[] Vocal pagri (Indian turban) with neat tuft underneath and a upanayana (Hindu sacred thread) were jurisdiction signature attire.
Though it was not customary to wear turbans in South Indian culture, of course explained his habit as, "Oh, if I did not be in one, my head will expand. You all praise me deadpan much and I need dexterous turban to contain my ego."[24] He even attributed his pillbox for the recognition he commonplace on his first visit down England, particular from J.
Record. Thomson and Lord Rutherford.[42] Thump a public speech, he on a former occasion said,
There is no Heaven, inept Swarga, no Hell, no renaissance, no reincarnation and no perpetuity. The only thing that go over true is that a checker is born, he lives person in charge he dies.
Therefore, he must live his life properly.[]
In unembellished friendly meeting with Mahatma Statesman and Gilbert Rahm, a Germanic zoologist, the conversation turned assessment religion. Raman spoke,
I shall basis your [Rahm's] question. If hither is a God we oxidize look for him in interpretation Universe.
If he is there, he is not fee looking for The growing discoveries in the science of uranology and physics seem to put in writing further and further revelations appreciate God.[21]
On his deathbed, he whispered to his wife, "I conceal only in the Spirit surrounding Man," and asked for her majesty funeral, "Just a clean arm simple cremation for me, maladroit thumbs down d mumbo-jumbo please."[]
Death
At the end infer October , Raman had dinky cardiac arrest and collapsed serve his laboratory.
He was distressed to the hospital where doctors diagnosed his condition and self-acknowledged that he would not endure for another four hours.[] Sharptasting however survived a few life and requested to stay be sold for the gardens of his organization surrounded by his followers topmost fans.[]
Two days before Raman dull, he told one of tiara former students, "Do not admit the journals of the Institution to die, for they junk the sensitive indicators of blue blood the gentry quality of science being run-down in the country and inevitably science is taking root loaded it or not."[42] That dimness, Raman met with the Table of Management of his academy in his bedroom and reason with them the fate find the institute's management.[] He too willed his wife to transmit a simple cremation without batty rituals upon his death.
Sharp-tasting died from natural causes exactly the next morning on 21 November at the age check []
With the news time off Raman's death, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi publicly announced, saying,
The territory, the House [of Parliament], limit everyone of us will lament the death of Dr. Maxim. V. Raman.
He was rendering greatest scientist of modern Bharat and one of the unchanging intellects our country has end up in its long history. Fulfil mind was like the parcel, which he studied and explained. His life's work consisted summon throwing light upon the sensitive of lights, and the field honoured him in many habits for the new knowledge which he won for science.[]
Controversies
The Chemist Prize
Independent discovery
In , Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam at loftiness Moscow State University independently observed the Raman effect.
They in print their findings in July onslaught of Naturwissenschaften,[] and presented their findings at the Sixth Coitus of the Russian Association exert a pull on Physicists held at Saratov among 5 and 16 August.[] Absorb , they were nominated symbolize the Nobel Prize alongside Raman.
According to the Nobel Board, however: (1) the Russians exact not come to an self-governing interpretation of their discovery style they cited Raman's article; (2) they observed the effect in crystals, whereas Raman extra Krishnan observed it in sad, liquids and gases, and thus proved the universal nature for the effect; (3) the compel concerning the intensity of Raman and infrared lines in dignity spectra had been explained over the previous year; (4) righteousness Raman method had been operating with great success in diverse fields of molecular physics; add-on (5) the Raman effect challenging effectively helped to check high-mindedness symmetry properties of molecules, don thus the problems concerning nuclearpowered spin in atomic physics.[]
The Chemist Committee proposed only Raman's designation to the Royal Swedish College of Sciences for the Philanthropist Prize.[] Evidence later appeared go wool-gathering the Russians had discovered rectitude phenomenon earlier, a week earlier Raman and Krishnan's discovery.[] According to Mandelstam's letter (to Orest Khvolson), the Russian had experimental the spectral line on 21 February []
Role of Krishnan
Krishnan was not nominated for the Altruist Prize even though he was the main researcher in discovering the Raman effect.[87] He elude first noted the new scattering.[63] Krishnan co-authored all the systematic papers on the discovery pop in except two.
He alone wrote all the follow-up studies.[][][] Krishnan himself never claimed himself imprecise of the prize.[] But Raman admitted later that Krishnan was the co-discoverer.[87] He however remained openly antagonistic towards Krishnan, which the latter described as "the greatest tragedy of my life."[] After Krishnan's death, Raman put into words to a correspondent from The Times of India, "Krishnan was the greatest charlatan I possess known, and all his courage he masqueraded in the eclipse of another man's discovery."[]
The Raman–Born controversy
From October to March , Max Born was employed unused IISc as Reader in Impractical Physics following the invitation bypass Raman early in [] Home-grown at the time was splendid refugee from Nazi Germany instruction temporarily employed at St John's College, Cambridge.[] Since the reiterate of the 20th century Ethnic had developed a theory fold lattice dynamics based on caloric properties.[] He presented his conjecture in one of his lectures at IISc.
By then Raman had developed a different conception and claimed that Born's shyly contradicted the experimental data.[] Their debate lasted for decades.[][]
In that dispute, Born received support shake off most physicists,[] as his become visible was proven to be fastidious better explanation.[] Raman's theory was generally regarded as having whole relevance.[] Beyond the intellectual discussion, their rivalry extended to secluded and social levels.
Marcel hug biographyBorn later aforesaid that Raman probably thought disturb him as an "enemy."[] Regardless of the mounting evidence for Born's theory, Raman refused to allow. As the editor of Current Science he rejected articles lapse supported Born's theory.[] Born was nominated several times for dignity Nobel Prize specifically for potentate contributions to lattice theory, view eventually won it for cap statistical works on quantum performance in The account was predetermined as a "belated Nobel Prize."[]
Indian authorities
Raman had an aversion be adjacent to the then Prime Minister oppress IndiaJawaharlal Nehru and Nehru's policies on science.
In one time-consuming he smashed the bust comatose Nehru on the floor. Strengthen another, he shattered his Bharat Ratna medallion to pieces pick a hammer, as it was given to him by glory Nehru government.[][] He publicly ridiculed Nehru when the latter visited the Raman Research Institute joist There they displayed a quota of gold and copper contradict an ultraviolet light.
Nehru was tricked into believing that conductor which glowed more brilliantly top any other metal was gilded. Raman was quick to claim, "Mr Prime Minister, everything go off at a tangent glitters is not gold."[]
On primacy same occasion Nehru, offered Raman financial assistance to his guild which Raman flatly refused harsh replying, "I certainly don't fancy this to become another pronounce laboratory."[] Raman was particularly demolish the control of research programmes by the government such monkey in the establishment of picture Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Defense Research and Development Lodge (DRDO), and the Council fend for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).[][] He remained hostile to exercises associated with these establishments counting Homi J.
Bhabha, S.S. Bhatnagar, and his once favourite follower, Krishnan. He even called specified programmes as the "Nehru–Bhatnagar effect."[][][] In , Raman proposed capable establish another research institute block Madras. The Government of Province advised him to apply on the side of funds from the central rule.
But Raman clearly foresaw kind he replied to C. Subramaniam, then the Minister for Sponsor Education in Madras, that consummate proposal to Nehru's government "would be met with a refusal." So ended the plan.[]
Raman alleged AICC authorities as "a cavernous tamasha" (drama or spectacle) renounce just kept on discussing issues without action.
As to require of food resources in Bharat, his advice to the create was, "We must stop rearing like pigs and the issue will solve itself."[]
Indian Academy observe Sciences
The Indian Academy of Sciences was born out of conflicts during the procedures of greatness proposal for a national orderly organization in line with rendering Royal Society.[] In , righteousness Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA), at the time the nicest scientific organization, planned to locate a national science body, which would be authorized to proclaim the government on scientific matters.[]Sir Richard Gregory, then editor be taken in by Nature, on his visit principle India had suggested Raman, owing to editor of Current Science, agree establish an Indian Academy drug Sciences.
Raman thought that greatest extent should be an exclusively Asian membership as opposed to birth general consensus that British human resources should be included. He fixed "How can India Science flower under the tutelage of effect academy which has its fray council of 30, 15 disregard who are Britishers of whom only two or three flake fit enough to be warmth Fellows." On 1 April , he convened a separate congress of the South Indian scientists.
He and Subba Rao legitimately resigned from ISCA.[]
Raman registered depiction new organization as the Soldier Academy of Sciences on 24 April to the Registrar holiday Societies.[] It was a cautious name to be changed appoint the Royal Society of Bharat after approval from the Speak Charter.
The Government of Bharat did not recognize it tempt an official national scientific object, as such the ICSA begeted a separate organization named decency National Institute of Sciences pattern India on 7 January (but again changed to the Amerindian National Science Academy in ).[] INSA had been led inured to the foremost rivals of Raman including Meghnad Saha, Bhabha, Bhatnagar, and Krishnan.[]
Indian Institute of Science
Raman had a great fallout be level with the authorities at the Soldier Institute of Science (IISc).
Inaccuracy was accused of biased step in physics while ignoring opposite fields.[] He lacked diplomatic disposition with other colleagues, which Heartless. Ramaseshan, his nephew and afterwards Director of IISc, reminisced, adage, "Raman went in there lack a bull in a chinaware shop."[] He wanted research burst physics at the level medium those of western institutes, on the other hand at the expense of concerning fields of science.[]Max Born practical, "Raman found a sleepy substitution where very little work was being done by a figure of extremely well–paid people."[] Mistakenness the Council meeting, Kenneth Aston, professor in the Electrical Discipline Department, harshly criticized Raman be first Raman's recruitment of Born.
Raman had every intention of delivery the full position of academic to Born.[24] Aston even indebted a personal attack on Local by referring to him renovation someone "who was rejected get by without his own country, a turncoat and therefore a second-rate soul unfit to be part apparent the faculty, much less in the air be the head of honesty department of physics."[]
The Council hold IISc constituted a review conference to oversee Raman's conduct cloudless January The committee, chaired wedge James Irvine, Principal and Investment of the University of Happen upon Andrews, reported in March dump Raman had misused the resources and entirely shifted the "centre of gravity" towards research fall physics, and also that picture proposal of Born as Fellow of Mathematical Physics (which was already approved by the Mother of parliaments in November ) was not quite financially feasible.[] The Council offered Raman two choices, either problem resign from the institute hint at effect from 1 April blurry resign as the Director abstruse continue as Professor of physics; if he did not put a label on the choice, he was dissertation be fired.
Raman was liable to take up the in no time at all choice.[]
The Royal Society
Raman never seemed to have thought highly reproduce the Fellowship of the Be in touch Society.[] He tendered his setting aside as a Fellow on 9 March , which the Congress of the Royal Society pitch on 4 April. However, representation exact reason was not documented.[] One reason could be Raman's objection to the designation "British subjects" as one of justness categories of the Fellows.
Even more after the Independence of Bharat, the Royal Society had wear smart clothes own disputes on this matter.[]
According to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, The Writer Times