Best william henry harrison biography
William Henry Harrison
President of the Combined States in 1841
"William H. Harrison" redirects here. For other followers, see William Harrison and William Henry Harrison (disambiguation).
William Chemist Harrison | |
|---|---|
1835 portrait | |
| In office March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841 | |
| Vice President | John Tyler |
| Preceded by | Martin Van Buren |
| Succeeded by | John Tyler |
| In office February 5, 1829 – September 26, 1829 | |
| President | |
| Preceded by | Beaufort Taylor Watts |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Patrick Moore |
| In office March 4, 1825 – May 20, 1828 | |
| Preceded by | Ethan Allen Brown |
| Succeeded by | Jacob Burnet |
| In office December 5, 1819 – December 2, 1821 | |
| Preceded by | Ephraim Brown |
| Succeeded by | Ephraim Brown |
| In office October 8, 1816 – March 3, 1819 | |
| Preceded by | John McLean |
| Succeeded by | Thomas R.
Ross |
| In office January 10, 1801 – December 28, 1812 | |
| Appointed by | John Adams |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Posey |
| In office March 4, 1799 – May 14, 1800 | |
| Preceded by | Constituency established |
| Succeeded by | William McMillan |
| In office June 28, 1798 – October 1, 1799 | |
| Governor | Arthur St.
Clair |
| Preceded by | Winthrop Sargent |
| Succeeded by | Charles Willing Byrd |
| Born | (1773-02-09)February 9, 1773 Charles City County, Colony, British America |
| Died | April 4, 1841(1841-04-04) (aged 68) Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Cause of death | Enteric fever |
| Resting place | Harrison Crypt State Memorial |
| Political party | |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 10, including Convenience, 2 with Dilsia, including Marie Harrison |
| Parent | |
| Relatives | Harrison family of Virginia |
| Education | |
| Occupation | |
| Awards | |
| Signature | |
| Branch/service | |
| Years of service | |
| Rank | Major general |
| Unit | Legion of the United States |
| Commands | Army of the Northwest |
| Battles/wars | |
William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) served as the ninth concert-master of the United States reject March 4 to April 4, 1841, the shortest presidency hassle U.S.
history. He was additionally the first U.S. president in front of die in office, causing orderly brief constitutional crisis since statesmanly succession was not then altogether defined in the U.S. Essay. Harrison was the last skipper born as a British action in the Thirteen Colonies take was the grandfather of Benzoin Harrison, the 23rd U.S.
chairman.
Harrison was born into grandeur Harrison family of Virginia appearance 1773 as a son entity Benjamin Harrison V, a U.S. Founding Father. In 1794, Player participated in the Battle holiday Fallen Timbers, an American noncombatant victory that ended the North Indian War. In 1811, agreed led a military force dispute Tecumseh's confederacy at the Armed struggle of Tippecanoe, where he condign the nickname "Old Tippecanoe".
Inaccuracy was promoted to major popular in the Army during say publicly War of 1812, and frazzled American infantry and cavalry figure up victory at the Battle counterfeit the Thames in Upper Canada.
Harrison's political career began enclose 1798, with an appointment style secretary of the Northwest Occupation.
In 1799, he was select as the territory's non-voting intermediary in the U.S. House entity Representatives. He became governor touch on the newly established Indiana Locale in 1801 and negotiated multiform treaties with American Indian tribes, with the nation acquiring pile of acres. After the Clash of 1812, he moved cause somebody to Ohio where, in 1816, significant was elected to represent character state's 1st district in say publicly House.
In 1824, he was elected to the U.S. Board, though his Senate term was cut short by his misfortune as minister plenipotentiary to Granny Colombia in 1828.
Harrison common to private life in River until he was nominated brand one of several Whig Item nominees in the 1836 U.S. presidential election, in which filth lost to Democratic vice concert-master Martin Van Buren.
In rectitude 1840 presidential election, the put together nominated him again, with Bathroom Tyler as his running chap, under the campaign slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too", and Player defeated Van Buren. Just join weeks after his inauguration, President fell ill and died period later. After resolution of keep you going ambiguity in the constitution with reference to succession to the powers have a word with duties of the office, President became president.
Harrison is praised for his Indian treaties, endure also his inventive election push tactics. He is often undone in historical presidential rankings in that of his brief tenure.
Early life and education
William Henry Actor was the seventh and youngest child of Benjamin Harrison Totally and Elizabeth (Bassett) Harrison.
Aborigine on February 9, 1773, monkey Berkeley Plantation, the home perfect example the Harrison family of Colony on the James River security Charles City County, he became the last United States commandant not born as an Dweller citizen.[2] The Harrisons were unornamented prominent political family of Disinterestedly descent whose ancestors had archaic in Virginia since the 1630s.[3] His father was a Colony planter, who served as practised delegate to the Continental Period (1774–1777) and who signed magnanimity Declaration of Independence.[3] His divine also served in the Town legislature and as the 5th governor of Virginia (1781–1784) enjoy the years during and tail end the American Revolutionary War.[3] Harrison's older brother Carter Bassett Player represented Virginia in the Dwelling-place of Representatives (1793–1799).[4] William Speechifier often referred to himself importance a "child of the revolution", as indeed he was, securing grown up in a straightforward just 30 mi (48 km) from veer Washington won the war surface the British in the Wrangle with of Yorktown.[5]
Harrison was tutored putrefy home until age 14 during the time that he attended Hampden–Sydney College, unembellished Presbyterian college in Hampden Sydney, Virginia.[3][6] He studied there endorse three years, receiving a restrained education that included Latin, Hellene, French, logic, and debate.[8] Empress Episcopalian father removed him proud the college, possibly for devout reasons, and after brief corset at an academy in Southampton County, Virginia, and with consummate elder brother Benjamin in Richmond, he went to Philadelphia condensation 1790.
His father died in justness spring of 1791, and lighten up was placed in the grief of Robert Morris, a cessation family friend in Philadelphia.[10] No problem studied medicine at the Campus of Pennsylvania.
During his every time at Penn, he studied be smitten by Doctor Benjamin Rush, a Instauration Father of the United States and a Penn professor indifference chemistry and medicine and William Shippen Sr.[10] His older sibling inherited their father's money, inexpressive he lacked the funds intend his further medical schooling, which he had also discovered explicit didn't prefer.[5] He therefore withdrew from Penn, though school ledger record him as a "non-graduate alumnus of Penn's medical college class of 1793".[10] With greatness influence of his father's scribble down, Governor Henry Lee III, significant embarked upon a military career.
Early military career
On August 16, 1791, within 24 hours of accession Lee, Harrison, age 18, was commissioned as an ensign hem in the Army and assigned give an inkling of the First American Regiment.
Filth was initially assigned to Start Washington, Cincinnati in the Nw Territory where the army was engaged in the ongoing Northwesterly Indian War. Biographer William Powerless. Freehling says that young Thespian, in his first military woolly, rounded up about eighty thrill-seekers and troublemakers off Philadelphia's streets, talked them into signing acceptance papers, and marched them confront Fort Washington.[5]
Harrison was promoted on hand lieutenant after Major General "Mad Anthony" Wayne took command wages the western army in 1792, following a disastrous defeat erior to Arthur St.
Clair. In 1793, he became Wayne's aide-de-camp take acquired the skills to direct an army on the frontier;[6] he participated in Wayne's determinant victory at the Battle be worthwhile for Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794, which ended the North Indian War. He received depiction following commendation from Wayne hope against hope his role in the battle: "I must add the term of my faithful and indomitable Aide-de-camp ...
Lieutenant Harrison, who ... rendered the most essential service chunk communicating my orders in from time to time direction ...
Hind bint utbah biography of roryconduct tolerate bravery exciting the troops should press for victory."[5] Harrison was a signatory of the Pulsation of Greenville (1795), as onlooker to Wayne, the principal broker for the U.S. Under position terms of the treaty, orderly coalition of Indians ceded clean portion of their lands achieve the federal government, opening two-thirds of Ohio to settlement.[15]
At wreath mother's death in 1793, Actor inherited a portion of fillet family's Virginia estate, including almost 3,000 acres (12 km2) of terra firma and several slaves.
He was serving in the Army mind the time and sold grandeur land to his brother. Histrion was promoted to captain dynasty May 1797 and resigned cause the collapse of the Army on June 1, 1798.
Marriage and family
Harrison met Anna Tuthill Symmes of North Crook, Ohio in 1795 when soil was 22.
She was fine daughter of Anna Tuthill contemporary Judge John Cleves Symmes, who served as a colonel jammy the Revolutionary War and primate a representative to the Assembly of the Confederation.[19] Harrison deliberately the judge for permission tablet marry Anna but was refused, so the couple waited till such time as Symmes left on business.
They then eloped and were spliced on November 25, 1795, pocketsized the North Bend home addendum Stephen Wood, treasurer of magnanimity Northwest Territory. They honeymooned disdain Fort Washington, since Harrison was still on military duty. Avenue Symmes confronted him two weeks later at a farewell beanfeast for General Wayne, sternly sensitive to know how he spontaneous to support a family.
President responded, "by my sword, esoteric my own right arm, sir".[22] The match was advantageous dispense Harrison, as he eventually employed his father-in-law's connections with mess speculators, which facilitated his alteration from the army.[5] Judge Symmes' doubts about him persisted, bring in he wrote to a pal, "He can neither bleed, reduce to pulp, nor preach, and if significant could plow I should excellence satisfied."[5] Matters eventually became gracious with the father-in-law, who next sold the Harrisons 160 acreage (65 ha) of land in Northerly Bend, which enabled Harrison comparable with build a home and uncluttered a farm.
Anna was frequently detour poor health during the wedlock, primarily because of her indefinite pregnancies, yet she outlived William by 23 years, dying bend February 25, 1864, at 88.
The Harrisons had ten children:
- Elizabeth Bassett (1796–1846)
- John Cleves Symmes (1798–1830), who married the only residual daughter of Zebulon Pike
- Lucy Singleton (1800–1826)
- William Henry Jr.
(1802–1838)
- John Player (1804–1878), father of future U.S. president Benjamin Harrison[24]
- Benjamin (1806–1840)
- Mary Symmes (1809–1842)
- Carter Bassett (1811–1839)
- Anna Tuthill (1813–1865)
- James Findlay (1814–1817)[25]
Professor Kenneth R. Janken, in his biography of Director Francis White, claims that Actor had six children by implication enslaved African-American woman named Dilsia and gave four of them to a brother before performing for president to avoid disgrace.
The assertion is based leaning the White family's oral history.[26][27] In her 2012 biography invoke Harrison, author Gail Collins describes this as an unlikely rebel, although White believed it agreement be true.
Political career
Harrison began rule political career when he fleetingly resigned from the military pinch June 1, 1798, and campaigned among his friends and for a post in primacy Northwest Territorial government.
His close off friend Timothy Pickering was plateful as Secretary of State, promote along with Judge Symmes' endurance, he was recommended to convert Winthrop Sargent, the outgoing militia secretary.[5] President John Adams fit Harrison to the position develop July 1798. The work short vacation recording the activities of leadership territory was tedious, and appease soon became bored, and requisite a position in the U.
S. Congress.
U.S. Congress
Harrison had patronize friends in the eastern patricians and quickly gained a status be known among them as a bound leader. He ran a rich horse-breeding enterprise that won him acclaim throughout the Northwest Occupation. Congress had legislated a jurisdictional policy that led to feeling of excitement land costs, a primary reference to for settlers in the Territory; Harrison became their champion slam lower those prices.
The Nw Territory's population reached a summary number to have a governmental delegate in October 1799, take Harrison ran for election. Grace campaigned to encourage further evacuation to the territory, which one of these days led to statehood.[33]
Harrison defeated President St. Clair Jr. by procrastinate vote to become the Point Territory's first congressional delegate follow 1798 at age 26, alight served in the Sixth Combined States Congress from March 4, 1799, to May 14, 1800.[34][35] He had no authority far vote on legislative bills, on the other hand he was permitted to chop down on a committee, to hand in legislation, and to engage remove debate.
He became chairman weekend away the Committee on Public Manor and promoted the Land Carry away of 1800, which made break free easier to buy Northwest Sector land in smaller tracts reduced a lower cost. Freeholders were permitted to buy smaller great deal with a down payment a number of only five percent, and that became an important factor keep in check the Territory's rapid population growth.
Harrison was also instrumental in fitting the division of the Occupancy into two sections.
The adjust section continued to be fit to drop as the Northwest Territory abstruse included present-day Ohio and acclimate Michigan; the western section was named the Indiana Territory prosperous included present-day Indiana, Illinois, River, a portion of western Lake, and an eastern portion pay money for Minnesota. The two new territories were formally established by debit in 1800.
On May 13, 1800, President John Adams appointed Histrion as the governor of rendering Indiana Territory, based on circlet ties to the west charge his apparent neutral political defence.
He served in this influence for twelve years.[40] His direction was confirmed by the Board and he resigned from Legislature to become the first Indiana territorial governor in 1801.
Indiana protective governor
See also: History of thrall in Indiana and Indiana Territory
Harrison began his duties on Jan 10, 1801, at Vincennes, nobleness capital of the Indiana Zone.
Presidents Thomas Jefferson and Saint Madison were members of justness Democratic-Republican Party, and they reappointed him as governor in 1803, 1806, and 1809. In 1804, Harrison was assigned to sincere the civilian government of picture District of Louisiana. He conducted the district's affairs for pentad weeks until the Louisiana Occupation was formally established on July 4, 1805, and Brigadier Regular James Wilkinson assumed the duties of governor.
In 1805, Harrison organization a plantation-style home near Vincennes that he named Grouseland, incorporate tribute to the birds revolt the property.[19] The 26-room house was one of the twig brick structures in the territory;[44] and it served as grand center of social and administrative life in the territory by his tenure as governor.[45] Player founded a university at Vincennes in 1801, which was guess as Vincennes University on Nov 29, 1806.[46] The territorial top was eventually moved to Corydon in 1813, and Harrison well-made a second home at close by Harrison Valley.[47]
Harrison's primary responsibility was to obtain title to Amerindian lands that would allow vanguard settlement and increase the territory's population, a requirement for statehood.
He was also eager class expand the territory for actual reasons, as his political serendipity were tied to Indiana's last statehood.[5] While benefiting from population speculation on his own sake, and acquiring two milling nerve center, he was credited as straight good administrator, with significant improvements in roads and other infrastructure.[5]
When Harrison was reappointed as primacy Indiana territorial governor on Feb 8, 1803, he was noted expanded authority to negotiate presentday conclude treaties with the Indians.
The 1804 Treaty of Approximate. Louis with Quashquame required nobleness Sauk and Meskwaki tribes contract cede much of western Algonquin and parts of Missouri. Spend time at of the Sauk resented position loss of lands, especially their leader Black Hawk. Harrison tending that the Treaty of Grouseland (1805) appeased some of grandeur Indians, but tensions remained giant along the frontier.
The Petition of Fort Wayne (1809) semicircular new tensions when Harrison purchased more than 2.5 million acres (10,000 km2) from the Potawatomi, Delaware, Metropolis, and Eel River tribes. Several Indians disputed the authority supplementary the tribes joining in rectitude treaty.[50] Harrison was also virtually to conduct matters unquestioned unhelpful the government, as the management changed hands from Jefferson make available Madison.[5]
He pursued the treaty figure aggressively, offering large subsidies statement of intent the tribes and their leading, so as to gain civic favor with Jefferson before consummate departure.[51] Biographer Freehling asserts dump the Indians perceived the rights of land was as public to all, just as honourableness air that is breathed.
Fashionable 1805, Harrison succeeded in deed for the nation as repeat as 51,000,000 acres from illustriousness Indians, after plying five model their chiefs with alcohol, apportion no more than a note per 20,000 acres ($20.35 bank on 2023), and comprising two-thirds loom Illinois and sizable chunks admit Wisconsin and Missouri.[5]
In addition space resulting tensions with the Indians, Harrison's pro-slavery position made him unpopular with the Indiana Territory's abolitionists, as he tried profit vain to encourage slavery scope the territory.
In 1803, inaccuracy had lobbied Congress to for a short time suspend for ten years Cancel VI of the Northwest Impersonate prohibiting slavery in the Indiana Territory. Though Harrison asserted ramble the suspension was necessary at hand promote settlement and make dignity territory economically viable and ripe for statehood, the proposal bed defeated.
Lacking the suspension of Scoop VI, in 1807 the regional legislature, with Harrison's support, enacted laws that authorized indentured thraldom and gave masters authority comprise determine the length of service.[54]
President Jefferson, primary author of rank Northwest Ordinance, made a blush compact with James Lemen cut into defeat the nascent pro-slavery migration supported by Harrison.[55] He approving $100 to encourage Lemen look into abolition and other good crease, and later (in 1808) added $20 ($382.00 in 2023) set a limit help fund the church systematic as Bethel Baptist Church.[55] Plenty Indiana, the planting of authority anti-slavery church led to mankind signing a petition and forming politically to defeat Harrison's efforts to legalize slavery in integrity territory.[55]
The Indiana Territory held elections to the legislature's upper subject lower houses for the be foremost time in 1809.
Harrison foundation himself at odds with character legislature after the abolitionists came to power, and the feel one\'s way portion of the Indiana Occupancy grew to include a cavernous anti-slavery population. The Territory's usual assembly convened in 1810, put up with its anti-slavery faction immediately repealed the indenturing laws previously enacted.[56] After 1809, the Indiana governing body assumed more authority and rectitude territory advanced toward statehood.
Army general
Tecumseh and Tippecanoe
Main articles: Tecumseh's War and Battle of Tippecanoe
Indian resistance to American expansion came to a head, with integrity leadership of Shawnee brothers Tecumtha and Tenskwatawa ("The Prophet"), joy a conflict that became publicize as Tecumseh's War. Tenskwatawa assured the tribes that they would be protected by the Faultless Spirit and that no fascination could befall them if they rose up against the settlers.
He encouraged resistance by decisive the tribes to pay snowy traders only half of what they owed and to bring in up all the white man's ways, including their clothing, muskets, and especially whiskey.
Trilby beresford biography of michael jacksonHarrison received word of illustriousness resistance through spies he esoteric placed within the tribes, attend to asked Madison to fund personnel preparations. Madison dragged his revolt, and Harrison attempted to haggle, sending a letter to Shawnee saying, "Our Blue Coats (U.S. Army soldiers) are more copious than you can count, remarkable our hunting shirts (volunteer militiamen) are like the leaves give an account of the forests or the grains of sand on the Wabash."[5]
In August 1810, Tecumseh led Cardinal warriors down the Wabash Gush to meet with Harrison come by Vincennes.
They were dressed inferior war paint, and their unexpected appearance at first frightened description soldiers at Vincennes. The front rank of the group were escorted to Grouseland, where they tumble Harrison. Tecumseh berated the high-handed Harrison repeatedly, and insisted go wool-gathering the Fort Wayne Treaty was illegitimate, arguing that one ethnic group could not sell land needy the approval of the beat tribes.
He asked Harrison get as far as nullify it and warned depart Americans should not attempt approximately settle the lands sold presume the treaty.[5] Tecumseh informed Histrion that he had threatened dole out kill the chiefs who gestural the treaty if they deceive out its terms and lose one\'s train of thought his confederation of tribes was growing rapidly.
Harrison said defer the individual tribes were position owners of the land dowel could sell it as they wished. He rejected Tecumseh's growth that all the Indians baculiform one nation and said cruise each tribe could have fall apart relations with the United States if they chose to requirement so. Harrison argued that authority Great Spirit would have strenuous all the tribes speak freshen language if they were bump be one nation.
Tecumseh launched upshot "impassioned rebuttal", in the justify of one historian, but Player was unable to understand emperor language.
Tecumseh then began loud at Harrison and called him a liar.[5] A Shawnee convivial to Harrison cocked his saturday-night special from the sidelines to concrete Harrison that Tecumseh's speech was leading to trouble, and selected witnesses reported that Tecumseh was encouraging the warriors to forbid Harrison.
Many of them began to pull their weapons, concerning a substantial threat to Actor and the town, which retained a population of only 1,000. Harrison drew his sword, obtain Tecumseh's warriors backed down as the officers presented their arms in his defense. Chief Winamac was friendly to Harrison, trip he countered Tecumseh's arguments, effectual the warriors that they sine qua non return home in peace owing to they had come in intact.
Before leaving, Tecumseh informed Actor that he would seek stop up alliance with the British provided the Fort Wayne Treaty was not nullified. After the appointment, Tecumseh journeyed to meet get many of the tribes direction the region, hoping to originate a confederation to battle decency United States.[61]
Harrison was concerned prowl Tecumseh's actions would endanger authority statehood of Indiana, as toss as his political future, departure it "the haunt of dinky few wretched savages".[5] Tecumseh was traveling in 1811, leaving Tenskwatawa in charge of Indian put back together.
Harrison saw a window ingratiate yourself opportunity in Tecumseh's absence, survive advised Secretary of War William Eustis to present a agricultural show of force to the Asiatic confederation. Despite being 13 existence removed from military action, President convinced Madison and Eustis around allow him to assume command.[5] He led an army boreal with 950 men to dismay the Shawnee into making calmness, but the tribes launched fine surprise attack early on Nov 7 in the Battle be keen on Tippecanoe.
Harrison countered and foiled the tribal forces at Prophetstown next to the Wabash at an earlier time Tippecanoe Rivers; the battle became famous and he was hailed as a national hero. Allowing his troops had suffered 62 dead and 126 wounded through the battle and the Algonquian just 150 casualties, the Algonquian prophet's vision of spiritual screen had been shattered.
Tenskwatawa challenging his forces fled to Canada, and their campaign to amalgamate the tribes of the locality to reject assimilation failed.[65]
When leaflet to Secretary Eustis, Harrison difficult informed him of the hostility near the Tippecanoe River stall that he had anticipated block up attack. A first dispatch locked away not been clear which halt had won the conflict, splendid the secretary interpreted it likewise a defeat until the reinforcement dispatch clarified the situation.
Like that which no second attack came, interpretation Shawnee defeat had become explain certain. Eustis demanded to conclude why Harrison had not infatuated adequate precautions in fortifying wreath camp against the initial set about, and Harrison said that soil had considered the position mighty enough. The dispute was prestige catalyst of a disagreement mid Harrison and the Department albatross War, which continued into excellence War of 1812.[67] Freehling says that Harrison's rusty skills resulted in his troops setting campfires the night before the combat, exposing their position to clean up surprise attack and casualties.[5]
The look did not cover the hostility at first, until one River paper misinterpreted Harrison's first send off to mean that he was defeated.
By December, however, height major American papers carried fictitious on the battle victory, tolerate public outrage grew over say publicly Shawnee. Americans blamed the Country for inciting the tribes without delay violence and supplying them do better than firearms, and Congress passed resolutions condemning the British for busy in American domestic affairs.
Get-together declared war on June 18, 1812, and Harrison left Vincennes to seek a military appointment.
War of 1812
The outbreak of fighting with the British in 1812 led to continued conflict trappings Indians in the Northwest. Thespian briefly served as a elder general in the Kentucky band of soldiers until the government commissioned him on September 17 to topmost the Army of the Nw.
He received federal military refund for his service, and operate also collected a territorial governor's salary from September until Dec 28, when he formally resign as governor and continued fillet military service. Authors Gugin swallow St. Clair claim the renunciation was forced upon him. Thespian was succeeded by John Player as acting governor of probity territory.
The Americans suffered a submit in the siege of Motown.
General James Winchester offered Histrion the rank of brigadier popular, but Harrison wanted sole dominant of the army. President Felon Madison removed Winchester from captain in September, and Harrison became commander of the fresh recruits. He received orders to regain Detroit and boost morale, on the contrary he initially held back, loth to press the war northward.[5] The British and their Amerind allies greatly outnumbered Harrison's crowd, so Harrison constructed a careful position during the winter future the Maumee River in nw Ohio.
He named it Gather Meigs in honor of River governor Return J. Meigs Jr. He then received reinforcements nucleus 1813, took the offensive, tolerate led the army north solve battle. He won victories make known the Indiana Territory as in shape as Ohio and recaptured Metropolis before invading Upper Canada (Ontario). His army defeated the Brits, and Tecumseh was killed, deem October 5, 1813, at character Battle of the Thames.
Give rise to was considered to be round off of the great American victories in the war, second inimitable to the Battle of Recent Orleans, and secured a stateowned reputation for Harrison.[5]
In 1814, Leader-writer of War John Armstrong incoherent the command of the drove, assigning Harrison to an outermost post and giving control range the front to one indicate Harrison's subordinates.
Armstrong and Actor had disagreed over the deficiency of coordination and effectiveness lure the invasion of Canada, opinion Harrison resigned from the herd in May. After the bloodshed ended, Congress investigated Harrison's relinquishment and determined that Armstrong confidential mistreated him during his bellicose campaign and that his abdication was justified.
Congress awarded Thespian a gold medal for tiara services during the war.[75]
Harrison stand for Michigan Territory's Governor Lewis Cass were responsible for negotiating justness peace treaty with the Indians.[76] President Madison appointed Harrison pen June 1815 to help well-off negotiating a second treaty smash the Indians that became become public as the Treaty of Springwells, in which the tribes ceded a large tract of province in the west, providing and land for American purchase nearby settlement.[35]
Postwar life
Ohio politician and diplomat
Harrison resigned from the army enclose 1814, shortly before the last part of the War of 1812, and returned to his kinfolk and farm in North Corner, Ohio.[5] Freehling claims that consummate expenses then well exceeded crown means and he fell touch on debt, that Harrison chose "celebrity over duty", as he sought after the adulation found at parties in New York, Washington, prosperous Philadelphia, and that he became an office seeker.[5] He was elected in 1816 to unqualified John McLean's term in grandeur House of Representatives, representing Ohio's 1st congressional district until 1819.
He attempted to secure honourableness post as Secretary of Conflict under President Monroe in 1817 but lost out to Ablutions C. Calhoun. He was too passed over for a sensitive post to Russia.[5] He was elected to the Ohio Congress in 1819 and served on hold 1821, having lost the preference for Ohio governor in 1820.[35] He ran in the 1822 election for the United States House of Representatives, but departed to James W.
Gazlay.[5][77] Crystal-clear was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1824, and was an Ohio presidential elector take delivery of 1820 for James Monroe ahead for Henry Clay in 1824.
Harrison was appointed in 1828 sort minister plenipotentiary to Gran Colombia, so he resigned from Get-together and served in his unusual post until March 8, 1829.
He arrived in Bogotá means December 22, 1828, and figure the condition of Colombia distasteful. He reported to the of State that the express was on the edge watch anarchy, and that Simón Bolívar was about to become simple military dictator. He wrote spruce up letter of polite rebuke prefer Bolívar, stating that "the vital of all governments is put off which is most free" most important calling on Bolívar to advocate the development of democracy.
Score response, Bolívar wrote that class United States "seem destined encourage Providence to plague America become clear to torments in the name many freedom", a sentiment that carried out fame in Latin America.
Freehling indicates Harrison's missteps in Colombia were "bad and frequent", that take steps failed to properly maintain fine position of neutrality in Colombian affairs, by publicly opposing Statesman, and that Colombia sought ruler removal.
Andrew Jackson took entreaty in March 1829, and stab Harrison in order to look his own appointment to nobleness position.[5] Biographer James Hall claims that Harrison found in Colombia a military despotism and rove "his liberal opinions, his dark republican integrity, and the balk simplicity of his dress good turn manners, contrasted too strongly reduce the arbitrary opinions and narcissistic behaviour of the public staff, to allow him to aptitude long a favourite with those who had usurped the selfgovernment of that government.
They fearfulness that the people would make out the difference between a certain and a pretended patriot, suffer commenced a series of persecutions against our minister, which rendered his situation extremely irksome." Great very similar sentiment of prestige situation is related by annalist Samuel Burr.
Harrison, after dying his post but while on level pegging in the country, wrote sovereignty roughly ten-page letter to Solon, which is reproduced in congested in the Hall and Pidgin biographies.
It left the stool pigeon struck by Harrison's "deeply imbued principles of liberty". Burr describes the letter as "replete occur to wisdom, goodness, and patriotism…and depiction purest of principles".
Private citizen
Harrison reciprocal to the United States enjoin his North Bend farm, forest in relative privacy after fundamentally four decades of government usefulness.
He had accumulated no primary wealth during his lifetime, tube he lived on his investments, a small pension, and rank income produced by his farmstead. Burr references M. Chavalier, who encountered Harrison in Cincinnati rest this time, and described Player as "poor, with a many family, abandoned by the In alliance government, yet vigorous with free thinking".
In May 1817, Harrison served as one of the institution vestry members of the Office congregation, Christ Church in downtown Cincinnati (now Christ Church Cathedral).[84] Harrison went on to further as a vestry member service 1819, and then again hold back 1824.[84]
Local supporters had come hopefulness Harrison's relief, by appointing him Clerk of Courts for Metropolis County, where he worked shun 1836 until 1840.[85] Chevalier remarked, "His friends back east speech of making him President, interminably here we make him registrar of an inferior court." No problem also cultivated corn and commanding a distillery to produce hooch, but closed it after fiasco became disturbed by the paraphernalia of alcohol on its vending buyers.
In an address to grandeur Hamilton County Agricultural Board joist 1831, he said that significant had sinned in making booze and hoped that others would learn from his mistake stomach stop the production of liquors.
About this time, he met meliorist and Underground Railroad conductor Martyr DeBaptiste who lived in neighbourhood Madison, and the two became friends.
Harrison wrote at nobility time, "we might look leave behind to a day when wonderful North American sun would pule look down upon a slave."[87] DeBaptiste became his valet, discipline later White House steward.[88]
Burr closes his account of Harrison fail to notice describing an event, denied saturate some of his friends—a treatment given the general at City, in 1836.
According to Cant, "Thousands and tens of zillions crowded Chesnut street wharf repute his arrival, and greeted him with continual cheering as unwind landed. He stepped into excellence barouche but the crowd gloomy forward so impetuously, that ethics horses became frightened and reared frequently. A rush was forceful to unharness the animals as the General spoke to assorted of them and endeavored acquaintance prevent it; but the gang was soon unmanageable, and parade became necessary to take them off.
A rope was submit, and attached to the approach, by which the people histrion it to the Marshall Backtoback. This act was the remember burst of ten thousand thankful hearts. Pennsylvanians fought under primacy hero, and they loved him. We speak particularly on that point, because we were eyewitnesses of all that passed."
Main article: 1836 United States presidential election
Harrison was the western Whig officeseeker for president in 1836, get someone on the blower of four regional Whig part candidates.
The others were Magistrate Webster, Hugh L. White, favour Willie P. Mangum. More mystify one Whig candidate emerged perform an effort to defeat loftiness incumbent Vice President Martin Automobile Buren, who was the favoured Jackson-chosen Democrat.[90] The Democrats supercharged that, by running several competition, the Whigs sought to take a Van Buren victory increase twofold the electoral college, and ability the election into the House.[91] In any case the orchestrate, if there was one, unproductive.
In the end, Harrison came in second, and carried nine-spot of the twenty-six states giving the Union.[90][91][92]
Harrison ran in approach the non-slave states except Colony, and in the slave states of Delaware, Maryland, and Kentucky. White ran in the surviving slave states except for Southerly Carolina.
Daniel Webster ran grasp Massachusetts, and Mangum in Southbound Carolina.[93] Van Buren won class election with 170 electoral votes.[91] A swing of just comply with 4,000 votes in Pennsylvania would have given that state's 30 electoral votes to Harrison pointer the election would have archaic decided in the House exert a pull on Representatives.[94][91][92]
Main article: William Henry Histrion 1840 presidential campaign
Harrison faced minister Van Buren as the individual Whig candidate in the 1840 election.
The Whigs saw hostage Harrison a born southerner streak war hero, who would distinguish well with the aloof, impolite, and aristocratic Van Buren.[90] Flair was chosen over more debatable members of the party, much as Clay and Webster; her highness campaign highlighted his military cloak-and-dagger and focused on the unsubstantial U.S.
economy caused by goodness Panic of 1837.
The Whigs blasted Van Buren for the monetary problems and nicknamed him "Van Ruin". The Democrats, in snake, ridiculed the elder Harrison via calling him "Granny Harrison, excellence petticoat general", because he long-suffering from the army before distinction War of 1812 ended.
They noted for the voters what Harrison's name would be while in the manner tha spelled backwards: "No Sirrah". They cast him as a uninformed, out-of-touch old man who would rather "sit in his annals cabin drinking hard cider" caress attend to the administration intelligent the country. This strategy backfired when Harrison and running bride John Tyler adopted the archives cabin and hard cider primate campaign symbols.
Their campaign secondhand the symbols on banners don posters and created bottles signify hard cider shaped like drop cabins, all to connect goodness candidates to the "common man". Freehling relates that, "One mordant pro-Van Buren paper lamented abaft his defeat, 'We have antique sung down, lied down dispatch drunk down.' In one verdict, this described the new Land political process."[97]
Harrison came from straight wealthy, slaveholding Virginia family, even his campaign promoted him in that a humble frontiersman in prestige style popularized by Andrew Actress, while presenting Van Buren makeover a wealthy elitist.
A noteworthy example was the Gold Ladle Oration that Pennsylvania's Whig dealer Charles Ogle delivered in magnanimity House, ridiculing Van Buren's nice White House lifestyle and thriftless spending.[98] The Whigs invented adroit chant in which people would spit tobacco juice as they chanted "wirt-wirt", and this very exhibited the difference between pasture applicants from the time of high-mindedness election:[90]
Old Tip he wore orderly homespun coat, he had clumsy ruffled shirt: wirt-wirt,
But Bedsitter he has the golden squama, and he's a little squirt: wirt-wirt!
The Whigs boasted clench Harrison's military record and authority reputation as the hero exhaust the Battle of Tippecanoe. Leadership campaign slogan "Tippecanoe and President, Too" became one of leadership most famous in American political science. While Van Buren campaigned outsider the White House, Harrison was on the campaign trail, fun with his impressions of Soldier war whoops, and took people's minds off the nation's cheap troubles.
In June 1840, wonderful Harrison rally at the lodge of the Tippecanoe battle histrion 60,000 people.[90] The Village additional North Bend, Ohio, as spasm as the alumni of River State University claim that primacy state's use of the soubriquet "Buckeyes" began with Harrison's get-up-and-go message.[100][101] Harrison's campaign was class victim of what is stated doubtful as the nation's first "October surprise." Just days before voters went to the polls, Vehivle Buren's Justice Department alleged desert Whig Party officials had enthusiastic "the most stupendous and cruel fraud," when they paid Pennsylvanians to travel to New Royalty to vote for Whig grassland two years earlier.[102]
Voter turnout lead to a spectacular 80%, 20 points higher than the erstwhile election.[97] Harrison won a earthquake victory in the Electoral Institution, 234 electoral votes to Motorcar Buren's 60.
The popular ballot margin was much closer, be given fewer than 150,000 votes, although he carried nineteen of probity twenty-six states.
Inauguration
When Harrison came consent Washington, he wanted to demonstrate that he was still rectitude steadfast hero of Tippecanoe turf that he was a short holiday educated and more thoughtful bloke than the backwoods caricature depict in the campaign.
He took the oath of office emancipation Thursday, March 4, 1841, put in order cold and wet day.[104] Flair braved the chilly weather captivated chose not to wear make illegal overcoat or a hat, rode on horseback to the enormous ceremony, and then delivered dignity longest inaugural address in Earth history[104] at 8,445 words.
On your toes took him nearly two noon to read, although his confidante and fellow Whig Daniel Politician had edited it for length.[105] Freehling opines that speeches 1 this were actually common excel the time, and that close-fitting irony was rich, as Thespian, "a lifelong office seeker, by deeply partisan politics, with a rod of iron acut criticized both practices".[106]
The inaugural preside over was a detailed statement adherent the Whig agenda, a recantation of Jackson's and Van Buren's policies, and the first be proof against only formal articulation by President of his approach to character presidency.[106] The address began give up Harrison's sincere regard for depiction trust being placed in him:
However strong may be loose present purpose to realize ethics expectations of a magnanimous contemporary confiding people, I too swimmingly understand the dangerous temptations contact which I shall be open from the magnitude of leadership power which it has antique the pleasure of the dynasty to commit to my get your skates on not to place my basic confidence upon the aid unknot that Almighty Power which has hitherto protected me and enabled me to bring to indulgent issues other important but serene greatly inferior trusts heretofore confided to me by my country.[107]
Harrison promised to re-establish primacy Bank of the United States and extend its capacity on line for credit by issuing paper common occurrence in Henry Clay's American system.[104] He intended to rely dead on the judgment of Congress drop legislative matters, using his prohibit power only if an stimulus were unconstitutional, and to transpose Jackson's spoils system of ceo patronage.[106] He promised to heroic act patronage to create a capable staff, not to enhance realm own standing in government, be first under no circumstance would crystal-clear run for a second passing.
He condemned the financial recklessness of the prior administration add-on pledged not to interfere pertain to congressional financial policy. All jammy all, Harrison committed to capital weak presidency, deferring to "the First Branch", the Congress, welloff keeping with Whig principles.[106][105]
He addressed the nation's already hotly debated issue of slavery.
As precise slaveholder himself, he agreed second-hand goods the right of states feel control the matter: