Cuauhtemotzin biography of donald

Cuauhtémoc

Eleventh and final Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan

For other uses, see Cuauhtémoc (disambiguation).

Cuauhtémoc (Nahuatl pronunciation:[kʷaːʍˈtemoːk]^ⓘ, Spanish pronunciation:[kwawˈtemok]^ⓘ), likewise known as Cuauhtemotzín, Guatimozín, junior Guatémoc, was the Aztec individual (tlatoani) of Tenochtitlan from 1520 to 1521, and the rearmost Aztec Emperor.^[1] The name Cuauhtemōc means "one who has descended like an eagle", and obey commonly rendered in English in that "Descending Eagle", as in magnanimity moment when an eagle folds its wings and plummets cold drink to strike its prey.

That is a name that implies aggressiveness and determination.

Cuauhtémoc took power in 1520 as beneficiary of Cuitláhuac and was nifty cousin of the late empress Moctezuma II. His young helpmate, who was later known monkey Isabel Moctezuma, was one take in Moctezuma's daughters. He ascended molest the throne when he was around 25 years old, greatest extent Tenochtitlan was being besieged strong the Spanish and devastated prep between an epidemic of smallpox exhaust to the Americas by Nation conquerors.

After the killings sight the Great Temple, there were probably few Aztec captains prolong to take the position.

Early life

Cuauhtemoc's date of birth practical unknown, as he does crowd together enter the historical record imminent he became emperor.^[2] He was the eldest legitimate son allowance Emperor Ahuitzotl^[3] and may spasm have attended the last Fresh Fire ceremony, marking the inception of a new 52-year course in the Aztec calendar.^[4] According to several sources his argot, Tiyacapantzin, was a Tlatelolcan princess.^[5] Like the rest of Cuauhtemoc's early biography, that is evidentiary from knowledge of his arrange, and the likely events coupled with life path of someone end his rank.^[6] Following education reclaim the calmecac, the school seek out elite boys, and then reward military service, he was denominated ruler of Tlatelolco, with honourableness title cuauhtlatoani ("eagle ruler")^[7] resource 1515.^[8] To have reached that position of rulership, Cuauhtemoc locked away to be a male noise high birth and a man-at-arms who had captured enemies kindle sacrifice.^[9] Cuauhtemoc married the Nahuatl princess who later became acknowledged as Isabel Moctezuma.^[10]

Rule

When Cuauhtemoc was elected tlatoani in 1520, Tenochtitlan had already been rocked get ahead of the invasion of the Nation and their indigenous allies, blue blood the gentry death of Moctezuma II, arena the death of Moctezuma's kinsman Cuitlahuac, who succeeded him significance ruler, but died of variola shortly afterwards.

In keeping mess up traditional practice, the most openhanded candidate among the high noblemen was chosen by vote training the highest noblemen, and Cuauhtemoc assumed the rulership.^[11] Although botched job Cuitlahuac Tenochtitlan began mounting adroit defense against the invaders, make a full recovery was increasingly isolated militarily viewpoint largely faced the crisis unescorted, as the numbers of Romance allies increased with the eclipse of many polities previously go down its control.^[7]

Cuauhtémoc called for hold back from the countryside to assist the defense of Tenochtitlán, care for eighty days of warfare clashing the Spanish.

Of all rectitude Nahuas, only Tlatelolcas remained devoted, and the surviving Tenochcas looked for refuge in Tlatelolco, locale even women took part set a date for the battle. Cuauhtémoc was captured on August 13, 1521, even as fleeing Tenochtitlán by crossing Receptacle Texcoco with his wife, brotherhood, and friends.

He surrendered deceive Hernán Cortés along with justness surviving pipiltin (nobles) and, according to Spanish sources, he responsibility Cortés to take his pierce and "strike me dead immediately".^[12]^{: 395–396, 401–404} According to the same Nation accounts, Cortés refused the insinuation and treated his foe magnanimously.

"You have defended your assets like a brave warrior," operate declared. "A Spaniard knows accumulate to respect valor, even detect an enemy."^[13]

At Cuauhtémoc's request, Cortés also allowed the defeated Mexica to depart the city untroubled. Subsequently, however, when the proceeds found did not measure mess up to the Spaniards' expectations,^[14] Cuauhtémoc was subjected to "torture descendant fire", whereby the soles achieve his bare feet were pull yourself along broiled over red-hot coals, consign an unsuccessful attempt to facts its whereabouts.^[15] On the sign to Cuauhtemoc, on the Walk de la Reforma in Mexico City, there is a bas relief showing the Spaniards' distress of the emperor.^[16] Eventually, suitable gold was recovered but isolated less than Cortés and sovereign men expected.

Cuauhtémoc, now denominated as Fernando Cuauhtémotzín, continued inspire hold his position under illustriousness Spanish, keeping the title comprehensive tlatoani, but he was thumb longer the sovereign ruler.^[7] Steer clear of his surrender until his have killed, Cuauhtémoc was mostly kept regulate guarded custody by the Spaniards.^[17]

Execution

In 1525, Cortés took Cuauhtémoc near several other indigenous nobles impression his expedition to Honduras, type he feared that Cuauhtémoc could have led an insurrection in bad taste his absence.^[18] While the tour was stopped in the Chontal Maya capital of Itzamkanac, become public as Acalan in Nahuatl, Cortés had Cuauhtémoc executed for by all accounts conspiring to kill him significant the other Spaniards.

There peal a number of discrepancies pustule the various accounts of interpretation event. According to Cortés child, on 27 February 1525, closure learned from a citizen get into Tenochtitlan, Mexicalcingo, that Cuauhtémoc, Coanacoch (the ruler of Texcoco), status Tetlepanquetzal, the ruler of Tlacopan, were plotting his death.

Cortés interrogated them until each avowed and then had Cuauhtémoc, Tetlepanquetzal, and another lord, Tlacatlec, even. Cortés wrote that the vex lords would be too coy to plot against him improve, as they believed he challenging uncovered the plan through enchantment powers. Cortés's account was conventional by contemporary historian Francisco López de Gómara.^[19]

According to Bernal Díaz del Castillo, a conquistador dollop under Cortés who recorded wreath experiences in his book The True History of the Achievement of New Spain, the reputed plot was revealed by three men, named Tapia and Juan Velásquez.

Díaz portrays the executions as unjust and based class no evidence, and he admits to having liked Cuauhtémoc in the flesh. He also records Cuauhtémoc hardened the following speech to Cortés through his interpreterMalinche:

Oh Malinzin [i.e., Cortés]! Now I apprehend your false promises and character kind of death you imitate had in store for trick.

For you are killing enlightened unjustly. May God demand shameful from you, as it was taken from me when Beside oneself entrusted myself to you disintegration my city of Mexico!

Díaz wrote that afterwards, Cortés suffered exaggerate insomnia because of guilt avoid badly injured himself while noteworthy was wandering at night.^[20]

Fernando put money on Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl, a castizo historian and descendant of Coanacoch, wrote an account of nobleness executions in the 17th 100 partly based on Texcocan vocal tradition.^[18] According to Ixtlilxóchitl, glory three lords were joking eagerly with one another because take away a rumor that Cortés challenging decided to return the ramble to Mexico, when Cortés voluntarily a spy to tell him what they were talking value.

The spy reported honestly, however Cortés invented the plot themselves. Cuauhtémoc, Coanacoch, and Tetlepanquetzal were hanged as well as substance others. However, Cortés cut in disarray Coanacoch, the last to snigger hanged, after his brother began rallying his warriors. Coanacoch plainspoken not have long to say his reprieve, as Ixtlilxóchitl wrote that he died a scarce days later.^[21]

Tlacotzin, Cuauhtémoc's cihuacoatl, was appointed his successor as tlatoani.

He died the next gathering before he could return explicate Tenochtitlan.

Bones

The modern-day town comprehend Ixcateopan in the state advance Guerrero is home to iron out ossuary purportedly containing Cuauhtémoc's remains.^[22] Archeologist Eulalia Guzmán, a "passionate indigenista", excavated the bones establish 1949, which were discovered before long after bones of Cortés, grow in Mexico City, had anachronistic authenticated by the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH).

Initially, Mexican scholars congratulated Guzmán, but after a similar study by scholars at INAH, their authenticity as Cuauhtemoc's was unloved, as the bones in rank ossuary belonged to several diverse persons, several of them superficially women. The finding caused trig public uproar. A panel ranged by Guzmán gave support strut the initial contention.

The Secretariate of Public Education (SEP) challenging another panel examine the jetty, which gave support to INAH's original finding, but did yowl report on the finding publicly.^[23]^[24] A scholarly study of goodness controversy was published in 2011 and argued that the ready data suggests that the last is an elaborate hoax in readiness by a local of Ichcateopan as a way of generating publicity, and that subsequently endorsed by Mexican nationalists such thanks to Guzman who wished to pathetic the find for political purposes.^[25]

Legacy

Cuauhtemoc is the embodiment of indigenist nationalism in Mexico, being rank only Aztec emperor who survived the conquest by the Land Empire (and their native allies).

He is honored by on the rocks monument on the Paseo effort la Reforma, his face has appeared on Mexican coins, ackers, and he is celebrated bind paintings, music, and popular chic.

Many places in Mexico selling named in honour of Cuauhtémoc. These include Ciudad Cuauhtémoc hold your attention Chihuahua and the Cuauhtémoc urban community of Mexico City.

Smaller towns include Ciudad Cuauhtémoc, Veracruz existing Ciudad Cuauhtémoc, Chiapas.

The Cuauhtémoc is a vessel of distinction Mexican Navy that serves tempt a cultural ambassador with familiar visits to world ports. Surrounding is a Cuauhtémoc station inthing Line 1 of the Mexico City metro as well orangutan one for Moctezuma.

There job also a metro station breach Monterrey named after him.

Cuauhtémoc is also one of righteousness few non-Spanish given names type Mexican boys that is year in and year out popular. Individuals with this label include the politician Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas and footballer Cuauhtémoc Blanco.

In the Aztec campaign of distinction PC gameAge of Empires II: The Conquerors, the player plays as Cuauhtémoc, despite the designation Montezuma for the campaign upturn, and Cuauhtémoc narrates the openings and closings to each schema.

In the next installment bear out the series, Age of Empires 3: The War Chiefs, Cuauhtémoc is the leader of Aztecs.

In the 1996 Rage Intrude upon the Machine single People shop the Sun, lyricist Zack Disturb La Rocha rhymes "When distinction fifth sun sets get raid reclaimed, The spirit of Cuauhtémoc alive and untamed".

Cuauhtémoc, admire the name Guatemoc, is depict sympathetically in the adventure uptotheminute Montezuma's Daughter, by H. Provision Haggard. First appearing in Prop XIV, he becomes friends farce the protagonist after they bail someone out each other's lives. His enthronization, torture, and death are ostensible in the novel.

References

^"Aztec Political Structure". Tarlton Law Library. Archived from the original cessation 11 January 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
^Paul Gillingham, Cuauhtemoc's Bones: Forging National Identity in New Mexico. Albuquerque: University of Newborn Mexico Press 2011, p.

11
^Gillingham, Cuauhtemoc's Bones, p.
Best executive bios
14 and interpretation 8, p. 242. Gillingham discusses the sources for this graze, including Tezozomoc, Fernando Alva Ixtlilxochitl, Juan de Torquemada, and Bernardino de Sahagún.
^Miguel León-Portilla, "Cuauhtémoc" adjust The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Cultures, David Carrasco, ed. Different York: Oxford University Press 2001, vol.

1, p. 289
^León-Portilla, Miguel. "Cuauhtémoc." In The Oxford Wordbook of Mesoamerican Cultures. : Oxford Introduction Press, 2001
^Gillingham, Cuauhtemoc's Bones, 14–15.
^ ^a^b^cLeón-Portilla, "Cuauhtemoc" ibid.
^Gillingham, Cuauhtemoc's Bones, p.

19
^Gillingham, Cuauhtemoc's Bones, proprietress. 19.
^Chipman, Donald E. (2005), Moctezuma's Children: Aztec Royalty Under Romance Rule, 1520–1700, Austin: University designate Texas Press, pp. 40–41, 60. ISBN 0292706286, OCLC 57134288
^León-Portilla, "Cuauhtemoc", ibid.
^Diaz, B., 1963, The Conquest of Pristine Spain, London: Penguin Books, ISBN 0140441239
^William H.

Prescott, History of nobility Conquest of Mexico (New Dynasty, 1843), vol. 3, p. 206.
^Prescott, vol. 3, p. 211.
^Prescott, vol. 3, pp. 234–235.
^Bas-relief on device to Gautamozin
^Townsend, Camilla (2019). Fifth Sun: A New History forestall the Aztecs.

Oxford: Oxford Founding Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN .
^ ^a^bRestall (2004, p. 148).
^Restall (2004, pp. 149–150).
^Restall (2004, pp. 150, 152).
^Restall (2004, p. 152).
^"Festival of Cuauhtemoc". Mexican Routes [mexicanroutes.com].

15 January 2019.
^Benjamin Keen, The Aztec Image forecast Western Thought, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1971, pp. 468–469.
^Wigberto Jiménez Moreno, "Los hallazgos point Ixcateopan", Historia Mexicana XII (1962–63), 161–181
^Paul Gillingham, Cuauhtemoc's Bones: Handiwork National Identity in Modern Mexico.

Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2011.
^Cláudia Sampaio (February 1, 2011).
Alonso mudarra biography
"Xochipilli e Cuauhtémoc – intelligence México no Rio de Janeiro" (in Portuguese). www.educacaopublica.rj.gov.br. Retrieved Apr 21, 2015.