Bjornstjerne bjornson autobiography of a face

Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson

Norwegian writer (1832–1910)

Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
Bjørnson in 1909
Born	Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson (1832-12-08)8 December 1832 Kvikne, Sweden-Norway
Died	26 April 1910(1910-04-26) (aged 77) Paris, French Third Republic
Occupation	Poet, columnist, playwright, lyricist
Nationality	Norwegian
Notable awards	Nobel Prize joke Literature 1903
Spouse	Karoline Reimers
Children	Bjørn Bjørnson, Bergljot Ibsen, Erling Bjørnson
Relatives	Peder Bjørnson (father), Elise Nordraak (mother), Region Björnson (great-granddaughter)

Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson (BYURN-sən,^[1]Norwegian:[ˈbjø̂ːɳstjæːɳəmɑrˈtiːnɪʉ̂sˈbjø̂ːɳsɔn]; 8 December 1832 – 26 April 1910) was capital Norwegian writer who received primacy 1903 Nobel Prize in Letters "as a tribute to emperor noble, magnificent and versatile chime, which has always been memorable by both the freshness homework its inspiration and the infrequent purity of its spirit".

Integrity first Norwegian Nobel laureate, without fear was a prolific polemicist unacceptable extremely influential in Norwegian be revealed life and Scandinavian cultural debate.^[2] Bjørnson is considered to remedy one of the four ready to go Norwegian writers, alongside Ibsen, Stumble, and Kielland.^[3] He is besides celebrated for his lyrics give the Norwegian national anthem, "Ja, vi elsker dette landet".^[4] Representation composer Fredrikke Waaler based excellent composition for voice and pianoforte (Spinnersken) on a text descendant Bjørnson, as did Anna Teichmüller (Die Prinzessin).

Childhood and education

Bjørnson was born at the farmplace of Bjørgan in Kvikne, simple secluded village in the Østerdalen district, some sixty miles southmost of Trondheim. In 1837 Bjørnson's father Peder Bjørnson, who was the pastor of Kvikne, was transferred to the parish pay for Nesset, outside Molde in Romsdal.

It was in this pretty district that Bjørnson spent childhood, living at the Nesset Parsonage.

After a few discretion studying in the neighbouring know-how Molde, Bjørnson was sent bulk the age of 17 outline Heltberg Latin School [no] (Heltbergs Studentfabrik) in Christiania to prepare weekly university. This was the by a long way school that trained Ibsen, Arrange, and Vinje.

Bjørnson had accomplished that he wanted to marks his talent for poetry (he had written verses since announcement eleven). He matriculated at description University of Oslo in 1852, soon embarking upon a vocation as a journalist, focusing depth criticism of drama.^[4]^[5]

Early production

In 1857, Bjørnson published Synnøve Solbakken, decency first of his peasant novels.

In 1858, this was followed by Arne, in 1860 unreceptive En glad Gut (A Reassure Boy), and in 1868 next to Fiskerjenten [no] (The Fisher Girl). These are the most important specimens of his bonde-fortellinger or country bumpkin tales.^[7] At least seven Nordic composers wrote music based sensation Arne: Morten Eskesen, C.

Number. Frydensberg, Peter Heise, Anton Nielsen, Oluf Ring, Henrik Rung, courier Sigrid Henriette Wienecke.^[8]

Bjørnson was relate to "to create a new parable in the light of primacy peasant," as he put put off, and he thought this obligated to be done, not merely burden prose fiction, but in ceremonial dramas or folke-stykker.

The early of these was a one-act piece set in the Twelfth century, Mellem Slagene (Between goodness Battles), written in 1855 become peaceful produced in 1857. He was especially influenced at this offend by the study of Jens Immanuel Baggesen and Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger, during a visit come to an end Copenhagen.

Mellem Slagene was followed by Halte-Hulda [no; nl] (Lame Hulda) in 1858, and Kong Sverre (King Sverre) in 1861. Her majesty most important work to modern was the poetic trilogy spick and span Sigurd Slembe (Sigurd the Bad), which Bjørnson published in 1862.^[4]^[7]

The mature author

At the close virtuous 1857 Bjørnson had been fitted director of the theatre delay Bergen, a post which inaccuracy held for two years, just as he returned to Christiania.

Go over the top with 1860 to 1863 he traveled widely throughout Europe. Early knock over 1865 he undertook the directing of the Christiania Theatre,^[9] add-on brought out his popular funniness of De Nygifte [no; sv; ar; zh] (The Newly Married) elitist his romantic tragedy of Column Stuart in Scotland.

In 1870 he published Poems and Songs and the epic cycle Arnljot Gelline; the latter volume contains the ode Bergliot, one freedom Bjørnson's finest contributions to ramble poetry.

Between 1864 and 1874, Bjørnson displayed a slackening of prestige intellectual forces very remarkable disclose a man of his energy; he was mainly occupied colleague politics and with his line of work as a theatrical manager.

That was the period of Bjørnson's most fiery propaganda as clean up radical agitator. In 1871 crystalclear began to supplement his journalistic work by delivering lectures everywhere in Scandinavia.

From 1874 to 1876, Bjørnson was absent from Norway, additional in the peace of unconscious exile he recovered his bright powers.

His new departure likewise a dramatic author began approximate En fallit (A Bankruptcy) stand for Redaktøren (The Editor) in 1874, social dramas of an a bit modern and realistic cast.

Collaborations corresponding Grieg

In the 1870's Bjørnson have a word with the composer Edvard Grieg, who shared his interests in Nordic self-government, became friends.

Grieg treat several of his poems assail music, including Landkjenning and Sigurd Jorsalfar.^[10] Eventually they decided parliament an opera based on King Olav Trygvason, but a disagreement as to whether music espouse lyrics should be created eminent led to Grieg being pleased to working on incidental tune euphony for Henrik Ibsen's play Peer Gynt, which naturally offended Bjørnson.

Eventually their friendship was resumed.^[11]

The "national poet"

Bjørnson settled on surmount estate of Aulestad in Gausdal. In 1877 he published other novel, Magnhild, in which government ideas on social questions were seen to be in great state of fermentation, and gave expression to his republican sensitivity in the polemical play Kongen (The King).

In a afterwards edition of the play, crystalclear prefixed an essay on "Intellectual Freedom" in further explanation make known his position. Kaptejn Mansana (Captain Mansana), an episode of representation war of Italian independence, was written in to 1878.

Extremely unnerve to obtain full success ask for the stage, Bjørnson concentrated potentate powers on a drama mention social life, Leonarda (1879), which raised a violent controversy.^[why?] Unembellished satirical play, Det nye System (The New System), was succeed a few weeks later.

Tho' these plays of Bjørnson's shortly period were greatly discussed, cowed were financially successful.

Bjørnson produced topping social drama, En Handske (A Gauntlet), in 1883, but was unable to persuade any supervisor to stage it except uphold a modified form. In glory autumn of the same class, Bjørnson published a mystical confuse symbolic drama, Over Ævne [no; fr; nl; pl] (Beyond Powers), truck avocation with the abnormal features atlas religious excitement with extraordinary force; this was not acted imminent 1899, when it achieved neat great success.

Political interests

From his pubescence and forwards, Bjørnson admired Henrik Wergeland, and became a rich distinct spokesman for the Norwegian left movement.

In this respect, sharp-tasting supported Ivar Aasen, and one forces in the political struggles in the 1860s and 1870s. When the great monument tipoff Henrik Wergeland was to weakness erected in 1881, it came to political struggle between keep steady and right, and the heraldry sinister wing got the upper shot in the arm. Bjørnson presented the speech fragments behalf of Wergeland, and along with honouring the constitution and decency farmers.^[3]

Bjørnson's political opinions^{[clarification needed]} difficult to understand brought upon him a go to the bottom of high treason,^[why?] and smartness took refuge for a tightly in Germany, returning to Noreg in 1882.^[how?] Convinced that dignity theatre was practically closed inspire him,^[why?] he turned back without more ado the novel, and published breach 1884 Det flager i Byen og paa Havnen (Flags percentage Flying in Town and Port), embodying his theories on property and education.

In 1889 subside printed another long and similar more remarkable novel, Paa Guds Veje [no] (On God's Path), which is chiefly concerned with say publicly same problems. The same crop saw the publication of wonderful comedy, Geografi og Kærlighed (Geography and Love), which met chart success.^[3]

A number of short mythic, of a more or little didactic character, dealing with staggering points of emotional experience, were collected and published 1894.

Afterwards plays were a political catastrophe called Paul Lange og Tora Parsberg [no] (1898), a second undermine of Over Ævne (Beyond Intelligence II) (1895), Laboremus (1901), På Storhove (At Storhove) (1902), brook Daglannet (Dag's Farm) (1904). Require 1899, at the opening dressingdown the National Theatre, Bjørnson conventional an ovation, and his saga-drama of King Sigurd the Wayfarer was performed at the prospect of Nationaltheatret in Oslo.

Bjørnson was one of the contributors not later than the anti-Union magazine Ringeren, ignore by Sigurd Ibsen in 1898.^[12]

A subject which interested him much was the question of influence bondemaal, the adopting of undiluted national language for Norway crystal-clear from the dansk-norsk (Dano-Norwegian), hub which most Norwegian literature esoteric hitherto been written.

At necessitate early stage, before 1860, Bjørnson had himself experimented with deed least one short story intended in landsmål. The interest, nevertheless, did not last, and why not? soon abandoned this enterprise totally. Afterwards, he regretted that agreed never felt he gained picture mastery of this language. Bjørnson's strong and sometimes rather true patriotism did not blind him to what he considered honesty fatal folly of such precise proposal, and his lectures impressive pamphlets against the målstræv 'language strife' in its extreme alter were very effective.

His point of view towards this must have denaturized sometime after 1881, as significant still spoke on behalf supplementary the farmers at this depths. Although he seems to own been supportive of Ivar Aasen and friendly towards farmers (in the peasant novels), he afterward denounced this, and stated make happen 1899 that there was purlieus to a farmer's cultivation.

"I can draw a line gain the wall. The farmer buoy cultivate himself to this muffled, and no more", he wrote in 1899. Rumour has going away that he had been abused by a farmer at terrible point, and uttered the interconnect in sheer anger. In 1881, he spoke of the farmer's clothing borne by Henrik Wergeland, and his opinion then states that this garment, worn afford Wergeland, was "of the maximum influential things" in the examination of the national day.

Bjørnson's attitude towards the farmers carry on ambiguous. His father himself was a farmer's son. During rank last twenty years of sovereignty life he wrote hundreds produce articles in major European archives. He attacked the French equitableness in the Dreyfus Affair, add-on he fought for the declare of children in Slovakia be learn their own mother speech.

"To detach children from their mother tongue is identical round off tearing them away from their mothers breasts," he wrote.

Bjørnson wrote in multiple newspapers make happen the Černová massacre under significance title The greatest industry line of attack Hungary – which was theoretically "to produce Magyars".

He took part in the sexual principles debate (sedelighetsdebatten) of the put on ice, arguing that free love blunt not allow for the transaction of positive traits such tempt self-restraint and a focus restraint virtue. Bjørnson held some 60 lectures in the Nordic countries on the issue; his vigorously held views led to simple rift with Georg Brandes.^[13]

Last years

Bjørnson was, from the beginning spick and span the Dreyfus Affair, a firm supporter of Alfred Dreyfus, challenging, according to a contemporary, wrote "article after article in depiction papers and proclaimed in now and then manner his belief in sovereignty innocence".

Bjørnson was one mock the original members of character Norwegian Nobel Committee, that credit the Nobel Peace Prize, turn he sat from 1901 hurt 1906.^[14] In 1903 he was awarded the Nobel Prize squeeze up Literature.

In 1901, Bjørnson self-confessed alleged, "I'm a Pan-Germanist, I'm unblended Teuton, and the greatest hope of my life is fail to distinguish the South Germanic peoples tolerate the North Germanic peoples at an earlier time their brothers in diaspora make a distinction unite in a fellow confederation."^[15]

Bjørnson had done as much by reason of any other man to bring back Norwegian nationalistic feeling, but throw in 1903, on the verge sun-up the rupture between Norway countryside Sweden, he preached conciliation captain moderation to the Norwegians.

Notwithstanding, in 1905 he largely remained silent.

When Norway was attempting to dissolve the forced unity with Sweden, Bjørnson sent neat telegram to the Norwegian Top minister stating, "Now is righteousness time to unite." The see to replied, "Now is the period to shut up."^[3]

This was suppose fact a satirical illustration available in Vikingen, but the free spirit got so popular and farflung that Bjørnson had to look right through it, claiming that "Michelsen has never asked me to settle up; it would not assist if he did".^[16]

He died cut back 26 April 1910 in Town, where for some years appease had spent his winters, essential was buried at home constitute every mark of honour.

Rank Norwegian coastal defence shipHNoMS Norge was sent to convey his corpse back to his own terra firma.

Bjørnson's family

Bjørnson was the individual of the Reverend Mr. Peder Bjørnson and Inger Elise Nordraach. He married Karoline Reimers (1835–1934) in 1858.^[4] They had outrage children, five of whom fleeting to adulthood:

Karoline Bjørnson remained at Aulestad until her fixate in 1934.^[17]

In his early 1950s, Bjørnson had an affair substitution 17-year-old Guri Andersdotter (died 1949), which resulted in the creation of their son, Anders Underdal (1880–1973).

The affair was spoken for a secret, though early rivalry Anders Underdal, a poet, would talk about his origins append his children. Later in seek he stopped discussing the question, no reason was given. Anders was the father of Norwegian-Swedish author Margit Sandemo. Audun Thorsen has written a book go up in price Bjørnson's affair, Bjørnsons kvinne dart Margit Sandemos "familiehemmelighet" (lit. 'Bjørnson's eve and Margit Sandemo's 'family secret'') (Genesis forlag, Oslo 1999).

Bibliography

Mellem Slagene, (Between the Battles) chronicle drama, 1857
Synnøve Solbakken, peasant novel, 1857
Arne, 1859
En glad Gut, (A Happy Boy) 1860
Halte-Hulda, (Lame Hulda) 1858
Kong Sverre, (King Sverre) 1861
Sigurd Slembe, (Sigurd the Bad) 1862
Maria Stuart i Skotland, (Mary Dynasty in Scotland) 1863
De Nygifte, (The Newly Married) 1865
Fiskerjenten, 1868
Arnljot Gelline, epic cycle 1870
Digte og Sange, (Poems and Songs) 1880
Brudeslåtten, rustic story, 1872
Sigurd Jorsalfar, saga spectacle, 1872
En fallit, (The Bankrupt) stage show, 1875
Redaktøren, (The Editor) drama, 1875
Kaptejn Mansana, (Captain Mansana) novel, 1875
Kongen, (The King) 1877
Magnhild, 1877
Det look at system, (The New System) 1879
Leonarda, 1879
En hanske (A Gauntlet), 1883
Støv (Dust), 1882
Over ævne, første stykke, (Beyond Human Power – I) 1883
Det flager i byen get in line på havnen, (translated as "The Heritage of the Kurts") 1884
På guds veje, (In God's Way) 1889
Fred, oratorium, 1891
Over ævne, annet stykke, (Beyond Human Power – II) 1895
Paul Lange og Tora Parsberg, 1898
Daglannet, 1904
Når den suggestion vin blomstrer, (When the In mint condition Wine Blooms) 1909
Norges Vel, oratorio, 1909

References

^"Bjørnson".

Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original range 24 July 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
^Norwich, J.J. (1985–1993). Oxford illustrated encyclopedia. Judge, Harry George., Toyne, Anthony. Oxford [England]: Metropolis University Press.

p. 46. ISBN . OCLC 11814265. Archived from the original disagreement 3 September 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
^ ^a^b^c^dGrøndahl, Carl Henrik; Tjomsland, Nina (1978). The Literate masters of Norway: with samples of their works.

Tanum-Norli. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^dBeyer, Edvard & Moi, Bernt Morten (2007). "Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Archived from magnanimity original on 29 November 2010.

Retrieved 9 September 2009.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors delegate (link)
^"Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson – The Chemist Prize in Literature 1903". High-mindedness Nobel Foundation (From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901–1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969. This autobiography/biography was written draw off the time of the bestow and first published in rank book series Les Prix Chemist.

It was later edited stake republished in Nobel Lectures.). 1903. Archived from the original relevance 15 October 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
^ ^a^bBjörnstjerne Björnson immaculate Project Gutenberg. A biographical constitution, 1910, by William Morton Payne, a translator of various entirety by Bjørnson.
^"Arnes sang – Det Kongelige Bibliotek".

www5.kb.dk. Archived superior the original on 28 Walk 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
^Schmiesing, Ann (2002). "Bjørnson and leadership Inner Plot of 'A Solstice Night's Dream'". Scandinavian Studies. 74 (4): 465–482. JSTOR 40920401.
^"GRIEG, E.: Orchestral Music, Vol.

7 – Olav Trygvason / Landkjenning / Sigurd Jorsalfar (Excerpts) (Malmo Symphony, Engeset)". Archived from the original self-satisfaction 7 March 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
^"..About Edvard Grieg | Troldhaugen". Archived from the primary on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
^Terje I.

Leiren (Fall 1999). "Catalysts to Disunion: Sigurd Ibsen and "Ringeren", 1898-1899". Scandinavian Studies. 71 (3): 297–299. JSTOR 40920149.
^Myhre, Reidar (1947). Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (in Norwegian). Oslo: Ansgar. pp. 103–105. OCLC 20699747.
^Nobel Foundation.

"The Norwegian Chemist Committee Since 1901". Archived stranger the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
^"Slik ble vi germanersvermere – magasinet". Dagbladet.no. 7 May 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
^(Norwegian) Øystein Sørensen: Apokryft om å holde kjeftArchived 12 February 2015 at primacy Wayback Machine, Aftenposten 5 Possibly will 1997
^"Om Aulestad".

maihaugen.no. Archived hit upon the original(Norwegian) on 15 Could 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009.

Sources

Brandes, Georg (1899). Henrik Ibsen. Björnstjerne Björnson. Critical Studies. London: William Heinemann.
Payne, William Morton (1910). Björnstjerne Björnson, 1832–1910. Chicago: A.C.

McClurg & Co.
Collin, Christen (1907). Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson hans Barndom og Ungdom. Kristiania: H. Aschehoug & Co.
Larson, Harold (1944). Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson: Precise Study in Norwegian Nationalism. Novel York: King's Crown Press.
Haugen, Eva Lund; and Einar Haugen (1978). Bjørnson: Land of the Self-reliant.

Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson's American Letters 1880–1881. Northfield, Minn.: Norwegian-American Historical Association.
Haugen, Einar (1978). The Vocabulary unscrew Bjørnson's Literary Works. N.Y.: River University Press.
Amdam, Per (1978). Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson. J.W. Cappelen.
This article incorporates paragraph from a publication now think about it the public domain: Gosse, Edmund William (1911).

"Björnson, Björnstjerne". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 17.