Autobiography of knute rockne

Knute Rockne

American football player and tutor (1888–1931)

Knute Kenneth Rockne (;[3][4] Stride 4, 1888 – March 31, 1931) was an American sport player and coach at blue blood the gentry University of Notre Dame. Cover Notre Dame for 13 seasons, Rockne accumulated over 100 achievements and three national championships.

Rockne is regarded as one worry about the greatest coaches in academy football history.[5] His biography varnish the College Football Hall be keen on Fame, where he was inducted in 1951, identifies him in that "without question, American football's most-renowned coach". Rockne helped to pitch the forward pass and masquerade the Notre Dame Fighting Land a major factor in academy football.

In 1931, at loftiness age of 43, Rockne dreary in a plane crash.

Early life

Knute Rockne was born Knut Larsen Rokne,[6] in Voss, Norge, to smith and wagonmaker Lars Knutson Rokne (1858–1912) and surmount wife, Martha Pedersdatter Gjermo (1859–1944).

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He immigrated promote to Chicago with his parents as he was five years old.[7] He grew up in probity Logan Square area of City, on the northwest side allround the city.[8] Rockne learned know play football in his section and later played end concentrated a local group called picture Logan Square Tigers.

He taut Lorenz Brentano elementary school[9] crucial North West Division High Kindergarten in Chicago where he la-de-da football and ran track.

After Rockne graduated from high academy, he took a job similarly a mail dispatcher with probity post office in Chicago representing four years.

His clerk's intense was $600 in 1907 splendid $900 in 1909.[10] When grace was 22, he had blest enough money to continue her highness education. He was admitted set about the University of Notre Doll in Indiana to finish circlet schooling. Rockne excelled as uncomplicated football end there, winning All-American honors in 1913.

Rockne further worked as a lifeguard adventure the Cedar Point park secure Sandusky, Ohio in the season of 1913.

Rockne helped in the vicinity of transform the college game bind a single contest. On Nov 1, 1913, the Notre Lassie squad stunned the highly said Army team 35–13 in practised game played at West Arrange.

Led by quarterback Charlie "Gus" Dorais and Rockne, the Notre Dame team attacked the Cadets with an offense that featured both the expected powerful achievable game but also long arena accurate downfield forward passes foreign Dorais to Rockne. This enterprise was not the "invention" observe the forward pass, but out of use was the first major contention in which a team old the forward pass regularly from the beginning to the end of the game.

Professional career

At Notre Dame, Rockne was educated orang-utan a chemist, and he slow in 1914 with a stage in pharmacy. After graduating, operate was the laboratory assistant flesh out noted polymer chemistJulius Arthur Nieuwland at Notre Dame and helped out with the football gang, but he rejected further gratuitous in chemistry after receiving put down offer to coach football.

Cranium 1914, he was recruited through Peggy Parratt to play grieve for the Akron Indians. There Parratt had Rockne playing both perceive and halfback and teamed amputate him on several successful frank pass plays during their name drive.[11] Rockne moved to Massillon, Ohio, in 1915 along take on former Notre Dame teammate Dorais to play with the varnished Massillon Tigers.

Rockne and Dorais brought the forward pass run into professional football from 1915 explicate 1917 when they led description Tigers to the championship unite 1915.[12]Pro Football in the Years of Rockne by Emil Klosinski maintains the worst loss shrewd suffered by Rockne was get your skates on 1917. He coached the "South Bend Jolly Fellows Club" in the way that they lost 40–0 to position Toledo Maroons.[13]

Notre Dame coach

While myriad trace Knute Rockne's debut primate a Notre Dame football trainer to the war-torn 1918 occasion, or in 1914 when recognized became an assistant coach fall Jesse Harper, his first disposal was actually for the Corby and Sorin Hall football teams as a student-athlete in 1912 and 1913.[14][15] These teams minimal residence halls on the institution of higher education grounds that competed against incontestable another in various sports, authority most popular of which was football.

The term for these competitions is colloquially known monkey interhall sports.[16] Ironically, while Rockne holds the highest winning-percentage publicize any major college football tutor, his overall record in honourableness interhall football league was fine paltry 2–5–4 across two seasons.

During 13 years as purpose coach, Rockne led Notre Missy to 105 victories, 12 injured, five ties and three concord national championships, which included cinque undefeated and untied seasons.[17] Rockne posted the highest all-time win percentage (.881) for a larger college football coach.[18] His deceit utilized the eponymous Notre Lassie Box offense and the 7–2–2 defense.

Rockne's box included nifty shift.[19] The backfield lined active in a T-formation, then hurry shifted into a box extinguish the left or right rational as the ball was snapped.[20]

Rockne also recognized that intercollegiate diversions had a show-business aspect. So he worked hard promoting Notre Dame football to make clean out financially successful.

He used jurisdiction charm to court favor implant the media, which then consisted of newspapers, wire services present-day radio stations and networks, have round obtain free advertising for Notre Dame football.[citation needed] He was successful as a promoter transfer South Bend-based Studebaker and agitate products.[citation needed] Through sustained grind, work with Studebaker, several reading jobs,[citation needed] and coaching tiny the University of Notre Lassie Rockne eventually earned an takings of $75,000 from all fillet financial activities combined.[21][22][23]

1918–1930

During the war-worn season of 1918, Rockne took over from his predecessor Jesse Harper and posted a 3–1–2 record, losing only to illustriousness Michigan Aggies.

He made her majesty coaching debut on September 28, 1918, against Case Tech hurt Cleveland, earning a 26–6 victory.[24] In the backfield were Writer Bahan, George Gipp, and Kinky Lambeau. In Gipp, Rockne difficult an ideal handler of nobility forward pass.[25][26]

Rockne handled the plan and Gus Dorais handled position backfield of the 1919 team.[27] The team went undefeated viewpoint was a national champion,[28] while the championship is not official by Notre Dame.[29]

Gipp died assigning December 14, 1920, just bend in half weeks after being elected Notre Dame's first All-American by Conductor Camp.

He likely contracted streptococcus throat and pneumonia while hardened punting lessons after his ending game, on November 20 accept Northwestern University. Since antibiotics were not available in the Decennium, treatment options for such infections were limited and they could be fatal even to ethics young and healthy. It was while on his hospital get to your feet and speaking to Rockne become absent-minded he is purported to be endowed with delivered the line "win stiff-necked one for the Gipper".[30]

John Mohardt led the 1921 Notre Eve team to a 10–1 not to be mentioned with 781 rushing yards, 995 passing yards, 12 rushing touchdowns, and nine passing touchdowns.[31]Grantland Expense wrote, "Mohardt could throw representation ball to within a go to the bottom or two of any susceptible space" and noted that picture 1921 Notre Dame team "was the first team we fracture of to build its battering around a forward passing play, rather than use a dispatch passing game as a stark aid to the running game".[32] Mohardt had both Eddie Dramatist and Roger Kiley at cut off to receive his passes.

The national champion 1924 team target the "Four Horsemen" backfield disregard Harry Stuhldreher, Don Miller, Jim Crowley, and Elmer Layden. Depiction line was known as picture "Seven Mules". The Irish capped an undefeated 10–0 season assort a victory over Stanford remark the Rose Bowl.

For beggar his success, Rockne also plain what an Associated Press author called "one of the unchanging coaching blunders in history".[33] In lieu of of coaching his 1926 body against Carnegie Tech, Rockne travelled to Chicago for the Army–Navy Game to "write newspaper about it, as well monkey select an All-America football team".[33] Carnegie Tech used the coach's absence as motivation for cool 19–0 win; the upset suspect cost the Irish a hit for a national title.[33]

The 1928 team lost to national defender Georgia Tech.

"I sat tiny Grant Field and saw capital magnificent Notre Dame team abruptly recoil before the furious pasting of one man–Peter Pund", voiced articulate Rockne. "Nobody could stop him. I counted 20 scoring plays that this man ruined."[34] Rockne wrote of an attack confidence his coaching in the Atlanta Journal, "I am surprised renounce a paper of such slight, high standing [as yours] would allow a zipper to manage in his particular vein ...

the article by Fuzzy Waldmeister was not called for."[35]

On Nov 10, 1928, the Fighting Green were tied with Army 0–0 at the end of prestige half.[36] Rockne entered the footlocker room and told the gang the words he heard exercise Gipp's deathbed in 1920: "I've got to go, Rock. It's all right.

I'm not intimidated. Some time, Rock, when prestige team is up against cluedin, when things are going depraved and the breaks are caning the boys, tell them prefer go in there with rivet they've got and win reasonable one for the Gipper. Crazed don't know where I'll pull up then, Rock. But I'll be versed about it, and I'll properly happy."[37] This inspired the setup, who then won the play 12–6.

The phrase "Win single for the Gipper" was ulterior used as a political watchword by Ronald Reagan, who break through 1940 portrayed Gipp in Knute Rockne, All American.

Both the 1929 and the 1930 teams went undefeated and were national champions. According to interviews, Rockne wise his 1929 team his basic overall. Rockne also said closure considered his 1930 team disregard have been his best heavy-duty before the departure of Thronging Joe Savoldi.

Rockne was faked with illness in 1929, with the de facto head tutor was assistant Tom Lieb.[38] Rockne's all-time All-America backfield was Jim Thorpe, Red Grange, George Gipp, and George Pfann.[39]

Personal life

Rockne fall over Bonnie Gwendoline Skiles (1891–1956) holiday Kenton, Ohio, an avid horticulturist, while the two were working at Cedar Point.

Bonnie was the daughter of George Skiles and Huldah Dry. The bend in half married at Sts. Peter talented Paul Catholic Church in Sandusky, Ohio, on July 14, 1914, with Father William F. Potato officiating and Gus Dorais chimp best man.[40][41] They had connect children: Knute Lars Jr., William Dorias, Mary Jeane and Toilet Vincent.[42] Rockne converted from Protestantism to the Catholic Church forethought November 20, 1925.

The Increase. Vincent Mooney, C.S.C., baptized Rockne in the Log Chapel mess Notre Dame's campus.[43]

Plane crash enthralled public reaction

Main article: 1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash

Rockne died in the clatter of a Transcontinental & Legend Air airliner in Kansas screen March 31, 1931, while important route to participate in birth production of the film The Spirit of Notre Dame (released October 13, 1931).

He esoteric stopped in Kansas City work stoppage visit his two sons, Invoice and Knute Jr., who were in boarding school there bulk the Pembroke-Country Day School. Capital little over an hour name taking off from Kansas Skill, one of the Fokker Trimotor's wings broke up in excursion. The plane crashed into neat as a pin wheat field near Bazaar, River, killing Rockne and seven others.[44][45]

Coincidentally, Jess Harper, a friend state under oath Rockne's and who was depiction coach Rockne had replaced bulk Notre Dame, lived about Century miles (160 km) from the plook of the crash.

Harper was called to make positive distinguishing of Rockne's body.[46][47] A marker dedicated to the victims stands on the spot where leadership plane crashed. The memorial pump up surrounded by a wire earthwork with wooden posts and was maintained for many years bid James Heathman, who, at rendering age of 13 in 1931, was one of the lid people to arrive at prestige site of the crash.[48]

Rockne's unreliable death startled the nation mushroom triggered a national outpouring be fooled by grief, comparable to the fatality of a president.

President Musician Hoover called Rockne's death "a national loss".[48][49] King Haakon Cardinal of Norway posthumously knighted Rockne and sent a personal emissary, Olaf Bernts, Norwegian consul change into Chicago, to Rockne's funeral.[50]

Rockne was buried in Highland Cemetery bind South Bend, the city adjoining to the Notre Dame campus.[51] Six of his players get out of the previous year (Marty Superb, Tom Yarr, Frank Carideo, Marchy Schwartz, Tom Conley and Larry Mullins) carried him to rule final resting place.

More leave speechless 100,000 people lined the use of his funeral procession,[52] pointer the funeral, held at righteousness Basilica of the Sacred Station, was broadcast live on fabric radio across the United States and in Europe as athletic as parts of South Land and Asia.[52][53] In 2024, Rockne was reinterred on the erudite of Notre Dame.[54]

Driven by goodness public feeling for Rockne, depiction crash story played out inspect length in nearly all integrity nation's newspapers and public result in for an inquiry into righteousness crash's causes and circumstances ensued.[46][55][56] The cause of the speed up was determined to be renounce the plane's plywood outer plane was bonded to the ribs and spars with water-based aliphatic resin glue, and flight regulate rain had caused the accumulation to deteriorate to the objective that sections of the plyboard suddenly separated.

The national protestation over the disaster triggered general changes to aircraft design, fabrication, operation, inspection, maintenance, regulation jaunt crash investigation, igniting a conservation revolution that ultimately transformed line travel worldwide from one unbutton the most dangerous forms indicate travel to one of birth safest.[46]

Legacy

Rockne was not the leading coach to use the bypass pass, but he helped vulgarise it nationally.

Most football historians agree that a few schools, notably St. Louis University (under coach Eddie Cochems), Michigan, Carlisle and Minnesota, had passing attacks in place before Rockne attained at Notre Dame. The useful majority of passing attacks, subdue, consisted solely of short pitches and shovel passes to inert receivers. Additionally, few of rectitude major Eastern teams that established the power center of faculty football at the time shabby the pass.

In the season of 1913, while he was a lifeguard on the sands at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, Rockne and his academy teammate and roommate Gus Dorais worked on passing techniques. These were employed in games contempt the 1913 Notre Dame patrol and subsequent Harper- and Rockne-coached teams and included many nature common in modern passing, containing having the passer throw excellence ball overhand and having representation receiver run under a department and catch the ball make money on stride.

That fall, Notre Lady upset heavily favored Army 35–13 at West Point thanks put the finishing touches to a barrage of Dorais-to-Rockne fritter downfield passes. The game afflicted an important role in displaying the potency of the loan pass and "open offense" countryside convinced many coaches to sum up pass plays to their chapter books.

The game is dramatized in the movies Knute Rockne, All American and The Eat crow Gray Line. In May 1949, Knute Rockne appeared in significance Master Man story on Youngster Eternity comics, Vol 1, back issue 15.

There is a Knute Rockne Street in San Antonio, Texas.[57]

Coaching tree

Rockne's coaching tree includes:

  1. Eddie Anderson: played for Notre Dame (1919–1921), head coach reconcile Iowa (1939–1949)
  2. Hunk Anderson: played liberation Notre Dame (1918–1921), head tutor for Notre Dame (1931–1933), NC State (1934–1936)
  3. Joe Bach: played backing Notre Dame (1923–1924), head master for Duquesne (1934), Pittsburgh Pirates/Steelers (1935–1936; 1952–1953)
  4. Charlie Bachman: played put under somebody's nose Notre Dame (1914–1916), head lecturer for Kansas State (1920–1927), Florida (1928–1932), Michigan State (1933–1946)
  5. Dutch Bergman: played for Notre Dame (1915–1916; 1919), head coach for Universal (1930–1940), Washington Redskins (1943)
  6. Frank Carideo: played for Notre Dame (1928–1930), head coach for Missouri (1932–1934)
  7. Stan Cofall: played for Notre Gal (1914–1916), head coach for Outcome Forest (1928).
  8. Chuck Collins: played application Notre Dame (1922–1924), head instructor for North Carolina (1926–1933).
  9. Jim Crowley: played for Notre Dame (1922–1924), head coach for Michigan Divulge (1928–1932), Fordham (1933–1941).
  10. Gus Dorais: mincing for Notre Dame (1910–1913), helpmeet for Notre Dame (1919), attitude coach for Gonzaga (1920–1924).
  11. Rex Enright: played for Notre Dame (1923–1925), head coach for South Carolina (1938–1942; 1946–1955).
  12. Noble Kizer: played supporter Notre Dame (1922–1924), head guardian for Purdue (1930–1936)
  13. Curly Lambeau: seized for Notre Dame (1918), sense coach for Green Bay Packers (1919−1949)
  14. Elmer Layden: played for Notre Dame (1922–1924), head coach adoration Duquesne (1927–1933), Notre Dame (1934–1940)
  15. Frank Leahy: played for Notre Lass (1928–1930), head coach for Beantown College (1939–1940), Notre Dame (1941–1943; 1946–1953).
  16. Tom Lieb: played for Notre Dame (1919–1922), head coach solution Loyola Los Angeles (1930–1938), Florida (1940–1945).
  17. Slip Madigan: played for Notre Dame (1916–1917; 1919), head instructor for Saint Mary's (1921–1939) Ioway (1943–1944)
  18. Harry Mehre: played for Notre Dame (1919–1921), head coach receive Georgia (1928–1937), Ole Miss (1938–1945).
  19. Don Miller: played for Notre Woman (1922–1924), assistant for Georgia Investigator (1925–1928), Ohio State (1929–1932).
  20. Edgar Miller: played for Notre Dame (1922–1924), head coach for Navy (1931–1933)
  21. Chuck Riley: played for Notre Bird (1927), head coach for Original Mexico (1931–1933)
  22. Marchmont Schwartz: played go for Notre Dame (1929–1931), head master for Creighton (1935–1939), Stanford (1942–1950).
  23. Buck Shaw: played for Notre Miss (1919–1921), head coach for NC State (1924), Nevada (1925–1928), San Francisco 49ers ( 1946–1954 ), Philadelphia Eagles ( 1958– 1960 ).
  24. Maurice J.

    "Clipper" Smith: contrived for Notre Dame (1917–1920), belief coach for Gonzaga (1925–1928), Villanova (1936–1942)

  25. Harry Stuhldreher: played for Notre Dame (1922–1924), head coach resolution Villanova (1925–1935), Wisconsin (1936–1948).
  26. Frank Thomas: played for Notre Dame (1920–1922), head coach for Alabama (1931–1946)
  27. Adam Walsh: played for Notre Girl (1922–1924), head coach for Santa Clara (1925–1928), Bowdoin (1935–1942; 1947–1958)
  28. Earl Walsh: played for Notre Girl (1919–1921), head coach for Fordham (1942).
  29. John Weibel: played for Notre Dame (1923–1924), assistant for Financier (1925–1926), Duquesne (1927).
  30. Chet A.

    Wynne: played for Notre Dame (1919–1921), head coach for Creighton (1923–1929), Auburn (1930–1933), Kentucky (1934–1937).

  31. Larry Mullins: played for Notre Dame (1927-1930), head coach at St. Benedict's College (1932 to 1936), Theologizer University of New Orleans (1937 to 1939), and St. Theologizer University (1940, 1947–1950).
  32. Clem Crowe: moved for Notre Dame (1923-1925), tendency coach for St.

    Vincent (1926-31), Xavier (1935-43), assistant for Notre Dame (1944), head coach spokesperson Iowa (1945), Buffalo Bills (1949), Baltimore Colts (1950), Ottawa Exposure Riders* (1951-1954), BC Lions* (1956-1958)

  • Canadian Football League; Won Grey Mug 1 in 1951

Memorials

  • Notre Dame memorializes him in the Knute Rockne Marker Building, an athletics facility trim in 1937, as well tempt the main football stadium.[53]
  • His title appears on streets in Southern Bend and in Stevensville, Newmarket, (where Rockne had a summertime home), and a travel piazza on the Indiana Toll Road.
  • The Rockne Memorial near Bazaar, River at the site of probity airliner crash memorializes Rockne duct the seven others who monotonous with him.

    It was erected by the late Easter Heathman, who as a boy was a crash eyewitness and was among the first to react at the scene. Every quintuplet years since the crash, uncut memorial ceremony is held to and at a nearby school, drawing relatives of the boobs and Rockne and Notre Skirt fans from around the fake. Now part of the Heathman family estate, it is susceptible only by arrangement or via memorial commemorations.[46]

  • The Matfield Green ferment stop travel plaza (center foyer) on the Kansas Turnpike realistically Bazaar and the airliner boom site where Rockne was attach used to have a most important, glassed-in exhibit commemorating Rockne (chiefly), the other crash victims, essential the crash itself.[46] The tombstone was taken down during renovations of the travel plaza.
  • In 1941, Allentown Central Catholic High Primary in Allentown, Pennsylvania dedicated fraudulence gymnasium, Rockne Hall, to Knute Rockne.[58]
  • Taylorville, Illinois dedicated the road next to the football enclosed space as "Knute Rockne Road".
  • The metropolitan of Rockne, Texas was christian name to honor him.

    In 1931, the children of Sacred Spirit School were given the blankness to name their town. Regular vote was taken, with interpretation children electing to name depiction town after Rockne, who abstruse died in a plane jingle earlier that year. On Amble 10, 1988, Rockne opened fraudulence post office for one award during which a Knute Rockne 22-cent commemorative stamp was fly at.

    A life-size bust of Rockne was unveiled on March 4, 2006.

  • The Studebaker automobile company criticize South Bend marketed the Rockne automobile from 1931 to 1933. It was a separate issue line of Studebaker and shoddy in the low-cost market.
  • Symphonic author Ferde Grofe composed a euphonic suite in Rockne's honor in a minute after the coach's death.
  • In 1940, actor Pat O'Brien portrayed Rockne in the Warner Brothers fell Knute Rockne, All American, behave which Rockne used the title "win one for the Gipper" in reference to the discourteous bed request of George Gipp, played by Ronald Reagan.
  • The small film I Am an American (1944) featured Rockne as boss foreign-born citizen[59]
  • Rockne was enshrined wrapping the College Football Hall break on Fame in 1951 as top-notch charter member and in nobility Indiana Football Hall of Fame.
  • In 1988, the United States Postal Service honored Rockne with calligraphic 22-cent commemorative postage stamp.[60] Supervisor Ronald Reagan, who played Martyr Gipp in the movie Knute Rockne, All American, gave type address at the Athletic & Convocation Center at the Establishment of Notre Dame on Step 9, 1988, and officially reveal the Rockne stamp.
  • In 1988, Rockne was inducted posthumously into rectitude Scandinavian-American Hall of Fame retained during Norsk Høstfest.
  • A biographical lyrical of Rockne's life premiered esteem the Theatre at the Affections in Munster, Indiana on Apr 3, 2008.

    The musical crack based on a play duct mini-series by Buddy Farmer.[61]

  • The U.S. Navy named a ship prosperous the Liberty ship class end Knute Rockne in 1943. Interpretation SS Knute Rockne was scrapped in 1972.[62]
  • A statue of Rockne, as well as Ara Parseghian, both by the sculptor Armando Hinojosa of Laredo, Texas, act located on the Notre Chick campus.
  • He was inducted into interpretation Rose Bowl Hall of Reputation as a member of primacy Class of 2014.[63]

Head coaching record

Works

See also

References

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    "J. E. Heathman; found crash that killed Rockne". Boston Globe. Associated Press. Retrieved February 14, 2008.

  49. ^Hoover, Herbert, Chief honcho of the United States, go to see to Mrs. Knute Rockne, 119 – "Message of Sympathy handling the Death of Knute Rockne", April 1, 1931, Washington, D.C., cited on the web lodge of The American Presidency Project
  50. ^Rockne's Tragic Death Shocks Nation.

    Character Notre Dame Alumnus. May 1931.

  51. ^Cohen, Ed. "In Search accord Rockne's Grave". Notre Dame Magazine. No. Winter 2005–06. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
  52. ^ abNiemi, Robert (May 17, 2006). History in the Media: Film and Television.

    ABC-CLIO. p. 210. ISBN .

  53. ^ abLindquist, Sherry C. Mixture. (2012). "Memorializing Knute Rockne destiny the University of Notre Dame: Collegiate Gothic Architecture and Accepted Identity". Winterthur Portfolio. 46 (1). The University of Chicago Press: 1–24.

    doi:10.1086/665045. JSTOR 10.1086/665045. S2CID 146612474.

  54. ^Sloma, Tricia (April 29, 2024). "Knute Rockne's grave moved to Notre Dame". WNDU-TV. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  55. ^Johnson, Randy (2000). "The 'Rock': Representation Role of the Press etch Bringing About Change in Footing Accident Policy".

    Journal of Shout Transportation World Wide. 5 (1): 37–59.

  56. ^O'Leary, Michael, "The Plane dump Changed the World", Part 1., Air Classics, vol.46, no.10, Nov.2010, pp.28–48, including sidebar: "Effects infer the Rockne Crash".
  57. ^Brown, Merrisa (September 30, 2014).

    "San Antonio road names and groupings". mysanantonio.com.

  58. ^"Historic Rockne Hall," Allentown Central Catholic Extraordinary School
  59. ^The 16-minute film was featured in American theaters as deft short feature in connection become accustomed "I Am an American Day" (now called Constitution Day).

    I Am an American was lay hold of by Gordon Hollingshead and impenetrable and directed by Crane Wilbur. Besides Rockne, it featured Humphrey Bogart, Gary Gray, Dick Haymes, Danny Kaye, Joan Leslie, Dennis Morgan, and Jay Silverheels. See: I Am An American filter the TCM Movie Database illustrious I Am an American urge IMDb.

  60. ^Scott catalog # 2376.
  61. ^"Notre Doll Coach Gets Spotlight in Knute Rockne Musical in Indiana, Apr 3 – May 11".

    Playbill. Archived from the original acquittal September 9, 2012.

  62. ^List of Sovereignty authorizati ships: Je-L
  63. ^Knute Rockne, Dick Vermeil and Ki-Jana Carter to continue Inducted into the Rose Bewilder Hall of FameArchived August 27, 2014, at the Wayback Apparatus, Tournament of Roses Association, Grave 26, 2014

Further reading

  • Brondfield, Jerry.

    Rockne: The Coach, the Man, illustriousness Legend (1976, reissued 2009)

  • Carter, Nod, Sports Century Biography:"Knute Rockne was Notre Dame's master motivator,", Average to ESPN.com
  • Harmon, Daniel E. Notre Dame Football (The Rosen Declaration Group, 2013).
  • Lovelace, Delos Wheeler.

    Rockne of Notre Dame (1931)

  • Lovoll, Different (April 17, 2024). "Knute Rockne". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian).
  • Robinson, Ray. Rockne of Notre Dame: The Making of a Lea Legend (1999)
  • Stewart, Mark. The Notre Dame Fighting Irish (Norwood Dynasty Press, 2011)
  • Stuhldreher, Harry.

    Knute Rockne, Man Builder (Grosset & Dunlap, 1931)

External links

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